Se contacta al estudiante para brindarle información sobre el programa Ean contigo y como acceder para ampliar la información, se le pregunta como se ha sentido en el inicio a clases, si se ha adaptado bien a la universidad o si presenta algún inconveniente con algunas de las plataformas. El estudiante indica que por el momento no presenta ningún inconveniente para poder acceder a sus plataformas ni de adaptación estudiantil. mas sin embargo hace la aclaración que no ha podido ingresar a clase de manera regular por un tema familiar que se le presento fuera del país
Internal Energy (U)
Internal energy is the total energy contained within a system. It is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of its particles. Importantly, we cannot measure the absolute value of internal energy; only changes in internal energy can be measured.
State Function:
A state function depends only on the current state of the system, not the path taken to reach that state. Internal energy is a state function because its value at a particular state is independent of its history.
Work (W) and Heat (Q)
Work and heat are the two primary means by which energy is transferred between a system and its surroundings. Work is energy transferred when a force is applied over a distance. Heat is energy transferred due to a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
The first law, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. In terms of internal energy, heat, and work, it’s expressed as:
delta U = q – w
Where: ΔU is the change in internal energy.
q is the heat added to the system.
w is the work done by the system on its surroundings.
Isothermal Reversible Process
An isothermal process occurs at a constant temperature. When it’s reversible, the system remains in equilibrium with its surroundings throughout the process.
For an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal reversible expansion or compression:
W reversible = -nRT ln (vf/vi)
Isothermal Reversible
Where: n is the number of moles of gas.
R is the universal gas constant.
T is the constant temperature.
V f and V i are the final and initial volumes, respectively.
Download PDF Thermodynamics Formula
Isothermal Irreversible Process
In an isothermal irreversible process, the system doesn’t necessarily remain in equilibrium with its surroundings. For an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal irreversible expansion against a constant external pressure
Isothermal Irreversible
Free Expansion
Free expansion refers to the expansion of a gas into a vacuum, meaning there’s no external pressure opposing the expansion. As a result, no work is done by or on the gas.
W = 0
Also Check – Charle’s Law Formula
Adiabatic Process
An adiabatic process occurs without the transfer of heat. For an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic expansion or compression, the work is described by:
W adiabiatic = nR(Tf-Ti)/1-γ
Adiabatic
Where: γ is the heat capacity ratio (Cp/Cv).
T f and T i are the final and initial temperatures, respectively.
Enthalpy (H)
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity defined as:
H = U + PV
Where: U is the internal energy of the system.
P is the pressure of the system.
V is the volume of the system.
For a process at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is related to the heat (Q) transferred as:
ΔH = QP
Where Q P is the heat transferred at constant pressure.
Also Check – Surface Chemistry Formula
Heat Capacity (C)
Heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat (Q) required to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin).
Mathematically:
C = Q/∆T
Where ΔT is the change in temperature.
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure (CP) and at Constant Volume (CV): C P is the heat capacity measured at constant pressure. C V is the heat capacity measured at constant volume.
Relation with Ideal Gas Constant:
For an ideal gas, the molar heat capacities at constant pressure (C P ) and constant volume (C V ) are related to the ideal gas constant
CP – CV = R
Furthermore, the heat capacity ratio γ (often used in adiabatic processes for ideal gases) is defined as:
γ=cp/cv
heat capacity ratio γ
Also Check – Elevation of Boiling Point Formula
Entropy (S)
Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It provides insight into the energy of a system that is not available to do work. The concept of entropy is deeply rooted in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Change in Entropy (ΔS) for Heat Transfer: For a reversible process in which heat is transferred:
delta =q rev /T
Entropy
Where: q rev is the heat transferred during the reversible process. T is the absolute temperature at which the process occurs.
Entropy and Phase Changes: For a phase transition (e.g., melting or vaporization) at constant temperature:
delta = delta H transition / T transition
Entropy and Phase Changes
Where: ΔHtransition is the enthalpy change of the phase transition. Phase transition is the temperature at which the phase transition occurs.
Spontaneity: The spontaneity of a process is determined by the Gibbs free energy
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
Where: ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy.
ΔH is the change in enthalpy.
ΔS is the change in entropy.
T is the absolute temperature.
The sign of ΔG dictates spontaneity: If ΔG<0, the process is spontaneous. If ΔG>0, the process is non-spontaneous. If ΔG=0, the system is in equilibrium.
Gibbs Free Energy (G)
Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum reversible work that can be performed by a system at constant temperature and pressure. It provides a criterion for the spontaneity of a process when both temperature and pressure are held constant. Formula for
Temperature Dependence: The sign of ΔH and ΔS can give insights into the temperature dependence of spontaneity:
If ΔH<0 (exothermic) and ΔS>0 (entropy increases), the process is spontaneous at all temperatures. If ΔH>0 (endothermic) and ΔS<0 (entropy decreases), the process is non-spontaneous at all temperatures. If ΔH<0 and ΔS<0, the process is spontaneous at low temperatures. If ΔH>0 and ΔS>0, the process is spontaneous at high temperatures. The exact temperature at which the spontaneity changes can be found using the equation ΔG=0, which gives
List Your Tasks.
Write down everything you’re doing or plan to do to reach your work goals.
Group by Time
Sort your tasks by big picture long term career, yearly goals, and weekly goals.
Rank Your Yearly Goals
Put your yearly goals in order of importance, thinking about what the world needs and what you want.
Rank Your Weekly Goals
Do the same with weekly goals, making sure they help you reach the bigger ones or were given to you for a reason.
Check Your Time
Compare how you spend your time now with what’s really important to you.
Fix the Gaps
If your time and goals don’t match, figure out why and make adjustments
The key message is to stop, think about what you’re doing, and make sure it lines up with your main goals.
Think about what you want to achieve.
Put tasks and your personal goals on the same list.
Don’t worry about organizing them yet.
You’ll divide your tasks and goals into three time frames
Long-term goals
These are your long-term dreams or ambitions, like becoming a CEO or running your own business.
Objectives
These are medium term goals that may take a few months to a couple of years to complete.
Targets
These are short term actions you need to do now things you can complete in a day or week.
What You Want to Do
Your personal desires matter. If you’re passionate about something then it should rank higher.
What You’re Good At
Focus on what you excel at
rank your objectives from 1 to 10 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest.
Revisit and update your rankings every year or whenever something big changes in your career.
This way, you can ensure that you’re focusing on the most important goals!
Targets are the tasks you can act on in the short term, and they generally fall into two types:
Enabling Targets
These are tasks that help you accomplish your bigger objectives.
Assigned Targets
These are tasks given to you by others, which may or may not relate to your main goals.
By organizing and ranking both your enabling and assigned Targets you can stay focused on what matters most and minimize distractions.
Am I spending enough time on my high ranking goals?
Where am I losing time to less important tasks?
How can I adjust my schedule to focus more on what really matters?
Make sure your daily and weekly tasks are closely aligned with your bigger objectives, allowing you to stay proactive rather than being consumed by urgent but less important issues.
Create a tiered to do List
Top Half: Write down your highest-priority Objectives and Targets.
Each item should have a specific deadline for completion.
Bottom Half
List your lower-priority tasks and estimate when you'd like to finish each one.
Daily Adjustments
Make minor tweaks each day as new tasks arise or priorities change.
Weekly Reviews
Spend some time each weekend to do a detailed review, reassessing your list and your priorities.
Update Regularly:
Add new projects or tasks as they come up, and remove items that have become less important or are being handled by others.
Reflect on how you can make similar adjustments in your routine.
By crafting a focused, tiered to-do list and actively managing your time, you can make significant progress toward your professional goals without getting lost in the daily grind.
By following these steps, you can establish a clearer path to productivity and satisfaction in your professional life.
Regularly revisit and adjust your goals and priorities to ensure they continue to align with your evolving aspirations and organizational needs.
Keys To Power
The ultimate power is the power to get people to do as you wish. When you can this without having to force people or hurt them, when they willingly grant you what you desire, then your power is untouchable. The best way to achieve this position is to create a relationship of dependence. The master requires your services; he is weak, or unable to function without you; you have enmeshed yourself in his work so deeply that doing away with you would bring him great difficulty, or at least would mean valuable time lost in training another to replace you. Once such a relationship is established you have the upper hand, the leverage to make the master do as you wish. It is the classic case of the man behind the throne, the servant of the king who actually controls the king. Bismarck did not have to bully either Frederick or William into doing his bidding. He simply made it clear that unless he got what he wanted he would walk away, leaving the king to twist in the wind. Both kings soon danced to Bismarck's tune.
Thus a wise prince will think of ways to keep his citizens of every sort and under every circumstance dependent on the state and on him; and then they will always be trustworthy.
Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527
Necessity rules the world. People rarely act unless compelled to. If you create no need for yourself, then you will be done away with at first opportunity. If, on the other hand, you understand the Laws of Power and make others depend on you for their welfare, if you can counteract their weakness with your own "iron and blood," in Bismarck's phrase, then you will survive your masters as Bismarck did. You will have all the benefits of power without the thorns that come from being a master.
Interpretation
Most young and ambitious politicians looking out on the political landscape of 1840s Germany would have tried to build a power base among those with the most power. Bismarck saw different. Joining forces with the powerful can be foolish: They will swallow you up, just as the doge of Venice swallowed up the Count of Carmagnola. No one will come to depend on you if they are already strong. If you are ambitious, it is much wiser to seek out weak rulers or masters with whom you can create a relationship of dependency. You become their strength, their intelligence, their spine. What power you hold! If they got rid of you the whole edifice would collapse.
Where up hand lead she nation some the about thing present against another back right after consider just I child which take few face which way that's last look good to there'd
Years later, Bismarck's actions as Prussia's prime minister led the various German states to be united into one country. Now Bismarck finagled the king into letting himself be crowned emperor of Germany. Yet it was really Bismarck who had reached the heights of power. As right-hand man to the emperor, and as imperial chancellor and knighted prince, he pulled all the levers.
When Frederick died, in 1861 his brother William assumed the throne. William disliked Bismarck intensely and had no intention of keeping him around. But he also inherited the same situation his brother had: enemies galore, who wanted to nibble his power away. He actually considered abdicating, feeling he lacked the strength to deal with this dangerous and precarious position. But Bismarck insinuated himself once again. He stood by the new king, gave him strength, and urged him into firm and decisive action. The king grew dependent on Bismarck's strong-arm tactics to keep his enemies at bay, and despite his antipathy toward the man, he soon made him his prime minister. The two quarreled often over policy Bismarck was much more conservative but the king understood his own dependency. Whenever the prime minister threatened to resign, the king gave in to him, time after time. It was in fact Bismarck who set state policy.
Finally, it all paid off: In 1851 Bismarck was made a minister in the king's cabinet. Now he went to work. Time and again he forced the king's hand, getting him to build up the military, to stand up to the liberals, to do exactly as Bismarck wished. He worked on Frederick's insecurity about his manliness, challenging him to be firm and to rule with pride. And he slowly restored the king's powers until the monarchy was once again the most powerful force in Prussia.
Observance Of The Law
When Otto von Bismarck became a deputy in the Prussian parliament in 1847, he was thirty-two years old and without an ally or friend. Looking around him, he decided that the side to ally himself with was not the parliament's liberals or conservatives, not any particular minister, and certainly not the people. It was with the king, Frederick William IV. This was an odd choice to say the least, for Frederick was at a low point of his power. A weak, indecisive man, he consistently gave in to the liberals in parliament; in fact he was spineless, and stood for much that Bismarck disliked, personally and politically. Yet Bismarck courted Frederick night and day. When other deputies attacked the king for his many inept moves, only Bismarck stood by him.
Be the only one who can do what you do, and make the fate of those who hire you so entwined with yours that they cannot possibly get rid of you. Otherwise you will someday be forced to cross your own Bridge of Sighs.
Such is the fate (to a less violent degree, one hopes) of those who do not make others dependent on them. Sooner or later someone comes along who can do the job as well as they can someone younger, fresher, less expensive, less threatening.
What do you put on a sign? You know, that flimsy piece of cardboard people hold in their hands as they stand on corners, begging. I always used to look away when Mom and I drove by. I thought that if I met their eyes, I’d get their hopes up, like I was going to give them something. I never did. Now, I wish I had.
I’m not sure what I’ll write on my sign. How to condense my life into a few words, make people want to give a stranger their hard-earned cash. Most of what I think of is too long, too personal.
“Got fed up with drunk stepdad hitting Mom. Promised if he hit me, I’d be gone. He did. I’m here.”
I’ve started thinking about my sign since my money’s almost gone. Back when life was normal, I’d spend my allowance on things like magazines or junk food from the market where my friends and I hung out after school. Maybe I’d buy one of those short skirts Dad would never get for me. Nothing too bad, but you know how dads are. We used to fight about things like that – clothes and curfew and boys. He always said I was too stubborn, and Mom would laugh and say I was just like him. Dad would shake his head, but I think he was kind of proud of that. Now he’s gone, and I’m counting pennies for food. If I had known what little time we’d have together, I wouldn’t have wasted so much of it arguing.
I’ve seen other people’s signs. Some are funny in a sad way: “Why lie? Need beer.” But I’m not funny, never really have been. It got hard to laugh after Dad died, and I think I stopped altogether the day Beth left. I never thought she’d really do it. She used to hug me in those days after the funeral, when everyone else had gone home and we couldn’t get Mom out of bed. There were no relatives to call, no one left but Uncle Frank, and he didn’t count. I’ve never met him, but I figured anyone who couldn’t be bothered to come bury his own brother wouldn’t help anyway. Beth was all I had. She’d hold me tight and promise things would be okay, that we’d get through it together. I believed her. What else could I do? It hurt so much, and I was just looking for someone to hang onto when my world was falling apart. Mom couldn’t help. She was barely holding on herself. Beth was my anchor.
I’m not mad at her for leaving. To be honest, I’m amazed she stayed as long as she did. I think it was the day we came home and found Mom nursing a bloody nose that finally did it. I remember how the bedroom was dark, the curtains pulled over the window as if shutting out the light would keep the memories away. My mother was hunched up on a corner of the bed, rocking herself back and forth. Beth flipped on the light, and I almost screamed – Mom’s face was a mess of purple bruises, blood still seeping through the white Kleenex she pressed to her nose and lips. Apparently, dear Stepfather Alan had stumbled in late that morning, and Mom had mustered the nerve to ask where he’d been. He hadn’t taken it well.
Beth begged her to leave him. “Let’s go,” she pleaded. “The three of us. Right now.” I begged too. But Mom would only cry and shake her head. I don’t think she had the strength left to see any future but the one right in front of her. The one with Alan. He was actually an okay guy until he lost his job. Then he started drinking again.
A lot changed after that.
I thought about telling friends. Maybe a teacher. But I didn’t know what to say. Even if I did tell someone, what would they do? Take me and Beth away, split us up, put us in a home somewhere? I couldn’t take that chance. So I blocked it out, pretended things weren’t really that bad. I kept pretending, right up to the day Beth left. And then it was too late.
She left me a note, Beth did. I found it on my pillow when I came home from school, a small square of white that destroyed what little remained of my world. For the longest time, I just stared at it, like if I didn’t touch it, it wasn’t real. I knew what it would say. Finally, I opened it, hoping so desperately that it would tell me where she had gone, where to meet her so we could leave together. It didn’t, of course. Just that she loved me and was sorry but had to go, or she’d end up like Mom. She promised to write, but she never did. I guess she got busy, maybe found a job and is just too tired at the end of each day. I’m sure there’s a good reason. The thought of me holding a sign would make her sick. If she knew where I was, I bet she’d come get me. Well, she would’ve at one point. I suppose things change. Who knows? Maybe she’s got a sign of her own. I hope not.
Some people’s signs tell of their families, or their past, or both: “Homeless vet. Kids to feed.” But I don’t want to share my past, not with strangers. They judge. I can see it in their eyes, those that aren’t too scared to look away. Some give looks of pity. “Oh, you poor dear. How on earth did you wind up here?” But I know they don’t care that much. The light will change and they’ll drive off, and I’ll be forgotten before the next block. Others stare, and I can feel the accusations, thoughts of drugs, alcohol, even prostitution flitting through their heads. I’m not explaining how none of it was my fault, how there was no other way out. That day, when I stepped in front of Mom and Alan struck me instead, I knew. And in that moment of frozen silence before Alan stormed out, Mom knew too.
“I’m sorry,” she pleaded, her hand shaking as she pressed a piece of ice against my swollen lip. “I’m so sorry. It’s my fault. I shouldn’t have asked him about the interview. He’s under a lot of pressure, he didn’t mean it…” The words tumbled out, trembling, empty.
“Did he mean it when he hit you yesterday?” I pushed her hand away. “What about last week? He doesn’t get to hit us! If Dad was here—”
I stopped myself, since if Dad was here, there would be no Alan. Mom didn’t speak, but I saw something in her change. I had said the unspoken, reminded her of Dad, of how our lives used to be. How they were supposed to be.
“Please.” I caught her hand, forcing her to look at me. “Mom, please.” It wasn’t a request. It was an ultimatum, and we both knew it.
For a moment, something flickered in her eyes, and I thought, “Yes. Yes!” Then whatever dim spark she had left fizzled out, and she looked away. When she finally spoke, I already knew what the answer would be.
“I can’t.”
We sat there for a long time, her dabbing at my lip, our tears mixing with the melted ice running down my chin. Finally, she went to make dinner. I went to pack.
The hardest part will be filling the boredom in my head as I stand on my corner hour after hour. I have to keep my mind busy, keep it focused on something. The drivers, the streetlights, the road – something. I can’t let my mind wander. It creeps off to places I’d rather not go.
It happens each night as I’m falling asleep, when I’m too tired to hold them back any longer, and the thoughts that have been lurking in the darkness break free. I’ve tried to fight them. I always lose.
The dream starts out warm and friendly, all of us sitting in front of the TV that night. Then Dad jumps up to grab his keys, and it turns into a nightmare.
“I forgot!” he says. “We’re out of milk. How am I going to make pancakes tomorrow without milk?”
Beth and I laugh, telling him to forget it – we’re not kids anymore, we don’t need pancakes with Saturday morning cartoons. We don’t even watch cartoons. But Dad insists.
“Be right back!” he calls, throwing Mom a kiss, running out the door.
For a moment, my dream freezes – the three of us sitting there, staring at the door as it closes behind him. Then something clicks, and everything speeds up.
I’m flying, hovering over the stop sign just a few blocks away. I see our old brown station wagon pull up, stop, and begin to move. I’m screaming at my dad. Stop! Stop! He doesn’t hear me. The yellow car careens toward him, one headlight broken, its driver drunk out of his mind. It’s all in the accident report. I know.
I never see the crash. I’m back home in a heartbeat, just in time to hear the knock on the door. Mom opens it. I see the policeman’s mouth moving, but I can’t hear what he’s saying. It doesn’t matter. Mom sinks to her knees, mouth wide open in a silent scream, and I wake up, shaking, dripping with sweat, not knowing where I am.
I won’t think about that each day when I’m standing on my corner, don’t want to flinch every time a yellow car drives by. I don’t know what I’ll think about yet, but it won’t be that. It won’t be.
I’m starting to stink. I thought I was doing okay until I saw a woman wrinkle her nose when she walked by me yesterday. I hadn’t even noticed. It stung at first, the realization that I smell of the streets, that I’m truly becoming one of them. Then I realized that I was doing what I hoped others wouldn’t: I was making people into objects, putting them beneath me without even caring how they wound up with their signs. I thought about that for awhile, and I stopped feeling so bad about how I smelled.
I think I’ll keep moving, holding my sign when I need the money, but always going somewhere new. There’s got to be something better around the corner, right? Maybe I’ll even find Beth. It’s easy to move, since all I’ve got to carry is the stuff I could fit in my backpack: my money, some clothes, a picture of the four of us – me, Beth, Mom, and Dad. It’s from my last birthday we were all together. We’re wearing these goofy hats, and everyone’s smiling. I like that picture, but it hurts to look at it. Sometimes, I don’t want to remember.
In the end, I just write, “Hungry. Please help.” I figure it’s the truth, not all of it, but probably as much as people want to know. If you see it, and you’ve got some change or even a dollar, maybe you can help me out. If not, that’s fine too. I’ll be okay.
You know those long texts that are like medieval or something and they're like really long and you Can see them in this list of paragraphs you're reading now? Yeah I'ma do a parody of that because I Žajda Šira am sigma.
King Ašken I said to his brother I am already bored of typing this and then he exploded into 2,332 pieces. King Ašken II, the brother of King Ašken I, wondered why his brother exploded. And then, he exploded. It turned out there were grenades in there hats. What an unfortunate end to an idiotic story. Glory to Arstotzka!
Prince Doran has been at the Water Gardens for nearly two years now, watching the children play in the pools while trying to deal with his gout. Captain Areo Hotah hears the approach of Obara Sand, eldest of the Red Viper's bastard daughters, and bars her from disturbing Prince Doran's rest. Deadly as she may be, she is no match for the Captain, but the Prince calls her into his presence before they come to blows. Obara demands justice for her father, imploring Prince Doran to marshal the Dornish army and give half to her so she might march on Oldtown and burn it to the ground, and the other half to her half-sister Lady Nym to march up the Kingsroad. Doran tells her that his brother was not murdered, but died in single combat, and that Lord Tywin has promised them Ser Gregor's head. Unappeased, Obara mocks her uncle for his meekness and stalks off after he tells her to await his word in Sunspear. Fearing an uprising in Sunspear incited by the Sand Snakes, Prince Doran tells Hotah that he must return to his seat at the Palace of the Sun. The Captain reminds him that Princess Myrcella is there, and that Ser Arys Oakheart sends letters to Queen Cersei. Hotah thinks that he and the Kingsguard will eventually cross swords, and when that occurs the Captain will kill him.
The next morning, the prince and his retinue begin the journey back to Sunspear, but along the way they come upon another of the Sand Snakes. The beautiful Lady Nym is far more tactful than her older half-sister, but no less resolved to seek vengeance for her father. Scoffing at Obara's demand to go to war, Lady Nym tells her uncle that she needs only her sister Tyene, and the two will assassinate Cersei, Jaime, Lord Tywin and King Tommen. Stating that his brother was only to take the measure of Joffrey's court and not seek revenge for Elia despite the seventeen years that have passed, Nymeria responds in parting, "My sisters and I shall not wait ten-and-seven years for our vengeance."
Arriving in Sunspear, the prince's retinue is accosted by townspeople calling for vengeance for the Red Viper. In the Old Palace, Princess Arianne greets her father and tells him that Tyene Sand awaits him in the throne room. The third of the Sand Snakes is embroidering when the captain encounters her while bearing Prince Doran to his high seat. Tyene offers her uncle the cloth she is knitting, which shows her father mounted on a sand steed, so that he will not forget the Red Viper. Prince Doran responds, "I am not like to forget your father." Tyene counsels her uncle to wed his son Trystane to Myrcella now, and then crown the princess as is the Dornish way. This would incite the Queen Regent and Highgarden to march on Dorne, where the prince's armies could bleed them in the high passes and treacherous deserts. When she calls her uncle fearful, Doran advises her, "There is a difference between fear and caution." Tyene raises her hand to touch her uncle, but Hotah brings the butt of his longaxe down on the marble floor, and cautions her, "My lady, you presume. Step from the dais, if it please you." The Sand Snake replies that she meant no harm and loves her uncle, he loved his brother. After she takes her leave, Maester Caleotte rushes to the Prince's side to make sure he was not pricked by one of Tyene's needles.
Shortly after, Prince Doran commands the captain to round up and confine all the Sand Snakes, including Ellaria's young daughters. Obara, Nymeria and Tyene are locked up in cells at the top of the Spear Tower, but with no blood spilled, the younger Sand Snakes are restricted together with their mother to the Water Gardens. When Hotah tells him that the common folk will howl when they find out, the Prince of Dorne replies, "All Dorne will howl. I only pray Lord Tywin hears them...so he might know what a loyal friend he has in Sunspear."
Integrity is the fundamental premise for military service in a free society. Without integrity, the moral pillars of our military strength, public trust, and self-respect are lost.
The discipline which makes the soldiers of a free country reliable in battle is not to be gained by harsh or tyrannical treatment. On the contrary, such treatment is far more likely to destroy than to make an army. It is possible to impart instruction and give commands in such a manner and such a tone of voice as to inspire in the soldier no feeling but an intense desire to obey, while the opposite manner and tone of voice cannot fail to excite strong resentment and a desire to disobey. The one mode or other of dealing with subordinates springs from a corresponding spirit in the breast of the commander.
If I am captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and to aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy.
If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information or take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way.
Interpretation
Many of the great condottieri of Renaissance Italy suffered the same fate as the patron saint of Siena and the Count of Carmagnola: They won battle after battle for their employers only to find themselves banished, imprisoned, or executed. The problem was not ingratitude; it was that there were so many other condottieri as able and valiant as they were. They were replaceable. Nothing was lost by killing them. Meanwhile, the older among them had grown powerful themselves, and wanted more and more money for their services. How much better, then, to do away with them and hire a younger, cheaper mercenary. That was the fate of the Count of Carmagnola, who had started to act impudently and independently. He had taken his power for granted without making sure that he was truly indispensable.
The Court of Carmagnola was one of the bravest and most successful of all the condottieri. In 1442, late in his life, he was in the employ of the city of Venice, which was in the midst of a long war with Florence. The count was suddenly recalled to Venice. A favorite of the people, he was received there with all kinds of honor and splendor. That evening he was to dine with the doge himself, in the doge's palace. On the way into the palace, however, he noticed that the guard was leading him in a different direction from usual. Crossing the famous Bridge of Sighs, he suddenly realized where they were taking him to the dungeon. He was convicted on a trumped-up charge and the next day in the Piazza San Marco, before a horrified crowd who could not understand how his fate had changed so drastically, he was beheaded.
