Ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch. Cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese, cheese. Ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch ch. Chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, chocolate. (such as with cheese and ham) (such as with cheese and ham) (such as with cheese and ham) (such as with cheese and ham) (such as with cheese and ham).
Bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir. Birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth, birth. Bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir bir. Birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, birds. France is the birthplace of crepes, France is the birthplace of crepes, France is the birthplace of crepes, France is the birthplace of crepes.
public class { public void get() { int var = 0; var.get(); while (var < 10) { if (var == 5) { break; } else { var = var + 1; var.get(); } } return; } } private class { protected void set() { string var = "string"; var.set(); if (var != null) { var = var + "more"; var.set(); } else { var = "string"; } } } static class { void get() { bool var = true; var.get(); if (var == true) { var = false; var.get(); } else { var = true; } } } namespace { using static; var.get(); public class { public void get() { int var = 0; var.get(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) { switch (i) { case 1: break; var.get(); default: continue; } var.get(); } } } } abstract class { public virtual void get() { int var = 0; var.get(); do { var = var + 1; var.get(); } while (var <= 10); } } sealed class { public override void get() { int var = 0; var.get(); try { var = var / 0; var.get(); } catch { throw; } finally { var = 0; var.get(); } } } interface { void get(); void set(); var.get(); } struct { int var; var.get(); } enum { var } delegate void get(); event get set; var.get(); lock (this) { var = 0; var.get(); } readonly int var = 0; var.get(); const int var = 0; var.get(); dynamic var = 0; var var = 0; var.get(); var = var ?? 0; var = var?.get(); var.get(); byte var = 0; sbyte var = 0; short var = 0; var.get(); ushort var = 0; uint var = 0; long var = 0; var.get(); ulong var = 0; float var = 0.0f; var.get(); double var = 0.0; decimal var = 0.0m; char var = 'c'; var.get(); bool var = true; bool var = false; base.get(); this.set(); var.get(); params int[] var = new int[]; foreach (int var in var) { if (var > 0) { continue; var.get(); } else { break; var.get(); } } } async void get() { await get(); var.get(); } unchecked { int var = 0; var.get(); } checked { int var = 0; var.get(); } unsafe { fixed (int* var = &var) { *var = 0; var.get(); } } volatile int var = 0; var.get(); partial class { partial void get(); var.get(); } extern void get(); in var var = 0; var.get(); as var var = 0; is var var = 0; var.get(); nameof(var); operator +(int var, int var); var.get(); event var get; delegate void get(); interface { void get(); void set(); var.get(); } abstract class { public abstract void get(); var.get(); } override void get() { base.get(); var.get(); } virtual void set() { this.set(); var.get(); } get(); set(); get(); set(); get(); set(); var.get(); public protected internal private class { } using namespace; using static; var.get(); using @; @interface; @class; @struct; var.get(); @enum; @delegate; @event; @operator; @nameof; @var; var.get(); $"string"; $"string"; $"string"; var.get(); [] varArray; varArray[0] = var; var.get(); () => { }; var.get(); {} varDict; var.get(); ; var.get(); , var.get(); . var.get(); = var.get(); + var.get(); - var.get(); * var.get(); / var.get(); == var.get(); != var.get(); > var.get(); < var.get(); >= var.get(); <= var.get(); && var.get(); || var.get(); ! var.get(); ? var.get(); : var.get(); => var.get();
Zinsvolgorde in het Nederlands is een belangrijk onderwerp om goed te begrijpen, omdat het bepaalt hoe je een zin logisch en duidelijk kunt opbouwen. In een hoofdzin staat het werkwoord altijd op de tweede plaats. Bijvoorbeeld: Ik eet een appel. De volgorde is hier onderwerp, werkwoord en rest van de zin. Als er een ander zinsdeel vooraan staat, zoals een tijdsbepaling, schuift het onderwerp naar de derde plaats. Bijvoorbeeld: Morgen ga ik naar de markt. Het werkwoord blijft echter altijd op de tweede plaats staan.
Bij een bijzin verandert de volgorde. Het werkwoord staat dan meestal aan het einde van de zin. Bijvoorbeeld: Ik denk dat hij vandaag niet naar school gaat. Hier zie je dat de volgorde onderwerp, rest en werkwoord is in de bijzin. Dit wordt vaak de SOV-volgorde genoemd, wat staat voor Subject-Object-Verb. Een ander belangrijk punt is de positie van het persoonsvorm. Als je een bijzin met een hoofdzin combineert, verbind je die vaak met een voegwoord zoals omdat, hoewel, of dat. Bijvoorbeeld: Omdat het regent, blijf ik thuis. Het voegwoord plaatst het werkwoord aan het einde van de bijzin.
In vragen is de volgorde weer anders. In een vraag staat het werkwoord vaak vooraan. Bijvoorbeeld: Kom je morgen naar het feest? Hier zie je dat het werkwoord direct gevolgd wordt door het onderwerp. Dit noemen we de inversie. In een lange zin met meerdere werkwoorden, zoals in de voltooide tijd, is de volgorde iets ingewikkelder. Bijvoorbeeld: Hij heeft gisteren een nieuwe fiets gekocht. Hier staat de persoonsvorm (heeft) op de tweede plaats, terwijl het voltooid deelwoord (gekocht) aan het einde van de zin staat.
Bij zinnen met modale werkwoorden, zoals kunnen, willen of moeten, volgt het hoofdwerkwoord vaak aan het einde van de zin. Bijvoorbeeld: Ik moet morgen vroeg opstaan. Hier staat het modale werkwoord (moet) op de tweede plaats en het hoofdwerkwoord (opstaan) aan het einde. Als er een scheidbaar werkwoord in de zin staat, splits je dit vaak op. Bijvoorbeeld: Ik neem mijn jas mee. Hier staat de stam van het werkwoord (neem) op de tweede plaats en het prefix (mee) aan het einde. In bijzinnen blijven scheidbare werkwoorden echter samen. Bijvoorbeeld: Hij zegt dat hij zijn jas meeneemt.
Bij zinnen met tijd, plaats en andere zinsdelen is het belangrijk de volgorde te onthouden. Meestal is het tijd-plaats-manier. Bijvoorbeeld: Morgen ga ik met de fiets naar school. Hier zie je eerst de tijd (morgen), dan de manier (met de fiets), en tenslotte de plaats (naar school). Dit helpt om een zin logisch en gestructureerd te maken.
Als je oefent met zinsvolgorde, is het handig om steeds na te denken over wat het belangrijkste deel van de zin is. Zet het werkwoord altijd op de juiste plek en pas de volgorde aan op basis van de context. Schrijf regelmatig zinnen, vergelijk ze, en verbeter waar nodig. Oefening baart kunst.
Aristoteles befasst sich mit der Frage nach der idealen Staatsform, deren Ziel das gute Leben sein soll. Dazu erläutert er zunächst die Zusammensetzung des Staates. Nach Aristoteles ist der Mensch ein „zoon politikon“, also ein staatenbildendes Wesen. Der Mensch ist von Natur aus Teil einer Gemeinschaft.
Die kleinste Einheit im Staat bildet das Haus, das aus Mann und Frau bzw. Herr und Diener besteht. Die über einen Tag hinausreichenden Bedürfnisse erfüllt das Dorf, das sich aus Häusern zusammensetzt. Mehrere Dörfer bilden den Staat. Außerhalb der Gemeinschaft kann nur ein schlechtes Wesen oder ein göttliches Wesen leben.
Um darzulegen, welche Regierungsform die beste ist, vergleicht Aristoteles zunächst gute und schlechte Verfassungen. Gute Verfassungen, wie die Monarchie, Aristokratie und Politie, handeln zum Wohl der Gemeinschaft, während schlechte Regierungen wie Tyrannei, Demokratie oder Oligarchie nur den eigenen Vorteil im Blick haben.
Als beste Regierungsform erkennt Aristoteles die Politie, in der die Mittleren herrschen. Diese Mittleren verfügen über ein mittleres Vermögen, wodurch sie nicht zu unterwürfig und nicht profitorientiert sind. Aristoteles ist der Auffassung, dass man am besten der Vernunft gehorcht, wenn man genug zum Leben hat und der Gemeinschaft dient.
Entschuldigung für das Missverständnis! Hier ist der gesamte Text in Absätzen unterteilt, jeweils mit ca. 45 Wörtern:
Aristoteles befasst sich mit der Frage nach der idealen Staatsform, deren Ziel das gute Leben sein soll. Dazu erläutert er zunächst die Zusammensetzung des Staates. Nach Aristoteles ist der Mensch ein „zoon politikon“, also ein staatenbildendes Wesen. Der Mensch ist von Natur aus Teil einer Gemeinschaft.
Die kleinste Einheit im Staat bildet das Haus, das aus Mann und Frau bzw. Herr und Diener besteht. Die über einen Tag hinausreichenden Bedürfnisse erfüllt das Dorf, das sich aus Häusern zusammensetzt. Mehrere Dörfer bilden den Staat. Außerhalb der Gemeinschaft kann nur ein schlechtes Wesen oder ein göttliches Wesen leben.
Um darzulegen, welche Regierungsform die beste ist, vergleicht Aristoteles zunächst gute und schlechte Verfassungen. Gute Verfassungen, wie die Monarchie, Aristokratie und Politie, handeln zum Wohl der Gemeinschaft, während schlechte Regierungen wie Tyrannei, Demokratie oder Oligarchie nur den eigenen Vorteil im Blick haben.
Als beste Regierungsform erkennt Aristoteles die Politie, in der die Mittleren herrschen. Diese Mittleren verfügen über ein mittleres Vermögen, wodurch sie nicht zu unterwürfig und nicht profitorientiert sind. Aristoteles ist der Auffassung, dass man am besten der Vernunft gehorcht, wenn man genug zum Leben hat und der Gemeinschaft dient.
Ich hoffe, das entspricht deinen Erwartungen. Lass mich wissen, ob du noch Anpassungen wünschst!
Aristoteles befasst sich mit der Frage nach der idealen Staatsform, deren Ziel das gute Leben sein soll. Dazu erläutert er zunächst die Zusammensetzung des Staates. Nach Aristoteles ist der Mensch ein „zoon politikon“, also ein staatenbildenes Wesen. Das heißt, dass der Mensch ist von Natur aus Teil einer Gemeinschaft. Die kleinste EInheit im Staat bildet das Haus welches aus Mann und Frau bzw. Herr und Diener besteht. Die über einen Tag hinausreichenden Bedürfnisse erfüllt das Dorf, das sich aus Häusern zusammensetzt. Mehrere Dörfer bilden den Staat. Außerhalb der Gemeinschaft kann nur ein schlechtes Wesen oder ein Wesen leben, das mehr als ein Mensch, also göttlich ist. Um darzulegen, welche Regierungsform die beste ist, vergleicht Aristoteles zunächtst gute und schlechte Verfassungen. Gute Verfassungen, wie die Monarchie, Aristokratie und Politie handeln zum Wohl der Gemeinschaft, während schlechte Regierungen wie Tyrannei, Demokratie nur den eigenen Vorteil im Blick haben. Als beste Regierungsform erkennt Aristoteles die Politie, in der die Mittleren herrschen. Die Mittleren haben verfügen über ein mittleres Vermögen, wodurch sie nicht zu unterwürfig und nicht profitorientiert sind. Aristoteles ist der Auffassung, dass wenn man genug zum Leben hat, man am leichtesten der Vernunft gehorcht und somit der Gemeinschaf am besten nützt.
Acoustic neuroma- A benign tumor of the vestibular nerve in the internal auditory canal.
Amblyopia- Also known as lazy eye.
Anisocoria- Condition of unequal pupil size.
Anosmia- Loss of the sense of smell.
Aphakia- Condition of no lens.
Audiologist- Specialist who studies, diagnoses, and treats hearing-related issues.
Audiology- Medical specialty that studies hearing and hearing impairment.
Audiometry- The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing.
Binocular- The use of both eyes to create one composite image.
Blepharitis- Inflammation of eyelids.
Blepharoplasty- Surgical repair of the eyelid.
Blepharoptosis- Drooping of the upper eyelid.
Cataract- A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy.
Conductive Hearing Loss- Hearing loss associated with disruption of sound through the outer/mid ear, such as perforation to the eardrum.
Conjunctivitis- Inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva; also called pinkeye.
Dacryocystitis- Inflammation of the tear (lacrimal) sac.
Dacryocystorhinostomy- Creation of an artificial opening between the lacrimal sac and the nose (to restore drainage).
Diabetic Retinopathy- Disease of the retina caused by diabetes mellitus. The retinal veins dilate, leading to swelling as fluid leaks from blood vessels into the retina.
Diplopia- Double vision.
Endophthalmitis- Inflammation within the eye.
Epistaxis- Nosebleed.
Glaucoma- A condition in which increased pressure in the eye leads to progressive vision loss.
Hyperopia- Farsightedness.
Iridectomy- Excision of part of the iris.
Iritis- Inflammation of the iris.
Keratitis- Inflammation of the cornea.
Keratomalacia- Degeneration of the cornea.
Keratoplasty- Surgical replacement of the cornea.
Kinesthesia- Sense of body movement based on sensation in the skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and the skin.
Labyrinthitis- Inflammation of the inner ear (labyrinth).
Macular Degeneration- Progressive damage of a portion of the retina known as the macula. Central vision is lost while peripheral is maintained.
Mastoidectomy- Excision of the mastoid bone.
Mastoiditis- Inflammation of the mastoid bone.
Mechanoreceptor- A sensory neuron that responds to mechanical pressure.
Myopia- Nearsightedness.
Myringoplasty- Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane.
Nasopharyngeal- Pertaining to the nose and pharynx (throat).
Nociceptors- Sensory neurons that respond to pain.
Nystagmus- A condition whereby involuntary repetitive movements of one or both eyes make it impossible to fixate on a single object.
Ophthalmia neonatorum- Conjunctivitis in newborns (severe).
Ophthalmologist- A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating eye problems.
Ophthalmology- A surgical specialty focused on the structure, function, and surgery of the eye.
Ophthalmopathy- Disease of the eye.
Ophthalmoplegia- Paralysis of one or more eye muscles.
Ophthalmoscope- Instrument used to view the inside of the eye.
Ophthalmoscopy- An exam of the fundus of the eye using a magnifying lens and light.
Optometrist- A specialist who diagnoses, treats, and manages diseases and disorders of the eye.
Optometry- The professional practice of eye and vision care that involves measuring vision.
Otalgia- Pain in the ear.
Otitis Media- Inflammation of the middle ear canal that involves the eardrum.
Otitis Externa- Inflammation of the external ear canal. Also known as swimmer's ear.
Otorhinolaryngologist- A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.
Otomycosis- Fungal infection of the external ear.
Otosclerosis- Hardening of the ear due to new bone formation of the inner ossicles.
Otoscope- Instrument used to view the ear.
Otoscopy- Process of viewing the ear canal and eardrum.
Pharyngitis- Inflammation of the pharynx.
Photophobia- A condition in which the eyes are more sensitive than normal to light.
Proprioception- Sense of position and movement of the body.
Retinoblastoma- Cancer that forms in the tissues of the retina.
Retinopathy- Disease of the retina.
Retinoscopy- Process of determining the refractive state of the eye.
Rhinitis- Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose.
Rhinorrhea- Excess nasal drainage; also called a “runny nose.”
Sensorineural Hearing Loss- Hearing loss associated with damage to the neural structures. This is usually permanent.
Sinusitis- Inflammation of the sinuses.
Stapedectomy- Excision of the stapes.
Strabismus- A condition where the affected eye rotates due to mismatched eye coordination.
Stye- Infection of an oil gland of the eyelid (hordeolum).
Thermoreceptors- Specialized neurons that respond to changes in temperature.
Tonometer- Instrument used to measure pressure (within the eye).
Tonometry- Process of measuring pressure (within the eye).
Tonsillitis- Inflammation of the tonsils.
Tympanic membrane- Ear drum.
Tympanoplasty- Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane.
Visceral (sense)- Sense associated with the internal organs.
Visual acuity- Sharpness of vision.
Xerophthalmia- Condition of dry eye.
Vision is the special sense of sight that is based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes. The eyes are located within either orbit in the skull. The bony orbits surround the eyeballs, protecting them and anchoring the soft tissues of the eye. The eyelids, with lashes at their leading edges, help to protect the eye from abrasions by blocking particles that may land on the surface of the eye.
The inner surface of each lid is a thin membrane known as the palpebral conjunctiva. The conjunctiva extends over the sclera, connecting the eyelids to the eyeball. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, located beneath the lateral edges of the nose. Tears produced by this gland flow through the lacrimal duct to the medial corner of the eye where the tears flow over the conjunctiva, washing away foreign particles.
Movement of the eye within the orbit is accomplished by the contraction of six extraocular muscles that originate from the bones of the orbit and insert into the surface of the eyeball. Four of the muscles are arranged at the cardinal points around the eye and are named for those locations. They are the: superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus.
When each of these muscles contracts, the eye moves toward the contracting muscle. For example, when the superior rectus contracts, the eye rotates to look up. The eye itself is a hollow sphere composed of three layers of tissue:
The outermost layer is the fibrous tunic, which includes the white sclera and clear cornea. The sclera accounts for five-sixths of the surface of the eye, most of which is not visible, though humans are unique compared with many other species in having so much of the “white of the eye” visible. The transparent cornea covers the anterior tip of the eye and allows light to enter the eye.
The middle layer of the eye is the vascular tunic, which is mostly composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid is a layer of highly vascularized connective tissue that provides a blood supply to the eyeball. The choroid is posterior to the ciliary body, a muscular structure that is attached to the lens by zonule fibers. (tiny thread-like fibers that hold the eye's lens firmly in place) These two structures bend the lens, allowing it to focus light on the back of the eye. Overlaying the ciliary body, and visible in the anterior eye, is the iris—the colored part of the eye. The iris is a smooth muscle that opens or closes the pupil, which is the hole at the center of the eye that allows light to enter. The iris constricts the pupil in response to bright light and dilates the pupil in response to dim light.
The innermost layer of the eye is the neural tunic, or retina, which contains the nervous tissue responsible for photoreception.
The eye is also divided into two cavities: The anterior cavity and the posterior cavity. The anterior cavity is the space between the cornea and lens, including the iris and ciliary body. It is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humor. The posterior cavity is the space behind the lens that extends to the posterior side of the interior eyeball, where the retina is located. The posterior cavity is filled with a more viscous fluid called the vitreous humor.
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells for the initial processing of visual stimuli. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. The change in membrane potential alters the number of neurotransmitters that the photoreceptor cells release onto bipolar cells in the outer synaptic layer. It is the bipolar cell in the retina that connects a photoreceptor to a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in the inner synaptic layer. There, amacrine cells additionally contribute to retinal processing before an action potential is produced by the RGC. The axons of RGCs, which lie at the innermost layer of the retina, collect at the optic disc and leave the eye at the optic nerve. Because these axons pass through the retina, there are no photoreceptors at the very back of the eye where the optic nerve begins. This creates a “blind spot” in the retina and a corresponding blind spot in our visual field.
Photoreceptors in the retina (rods and cones) are located behind the axons, RGCs, bipolar cells, and retinal blood vessels. A significant amount of light is absorbed by these structures before the light reaches the photoreceptor cells. At the exact center of the retina is a small area known as the fovea. At the fovea, the retina lacks the supporting cells and blood vessels, and only contains photoreceptors. Therefore, visual acuity is greatest at the fovea. This is because the fovea is where the least amount of incoming light is absorbed by other retinal structures. As one moves in either direction from this central point of the retina, visual acuity drops significantly.
There are three types of cone opsins that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and provide us with color vision. By comparing the activity of the three different cones, the brain can extract color information from visual stimuli. For example, a bright blue light that has a wavelength of approximately 450 nm would activate the “red” cones minimally, the “green” cones marginally, and the “blue” cones predominantly. The relative activation of the three different cones is calculated by the brain, which perceives the color as blue. However, cones cannot react to low-intensity light, and rods do not sense the color of light. Therefore, our low-light vision is, in essence, in grayscale. In other words, in a dark room, everything appears as a shade of gray. If you think that you can see colors in the dark, it is most likely because your brain knows what color something is and is relying on that memory.
public class { public void get() { int var = int; if (var == int) { var = var + int; } else if (var > int) { var = var - int; } else { var = var * int; } } } private class { protected void set() { string var = string; while (true) { if (var != string) { break; } else { continue; } } } } static void main() { using namespace; var = new class(); for (int i = int; i < int; i = i + int) { var = var + int; } } if (bool == true) { bool = false; } else if (bool != false) { bool = true; } get(); set(); get(); set(); get(); set(); switch (int) { case int: break; default: continue; } try { var = var / int; } catch (exception) { throw; } finally { var = int; } foreach (var in var) { do { var = var * int; } while (var <= int); } interface { void get(); void set(); } struct { int var; } enum { var } abstract class { public abstract void method(); override void method() { base.method(); } virtual void method(); } readonly int var = int; const int var = int; out var; ref var; params int[] var; bool is int; as var; this.var; operator +(int, int); delegate void method(); event handler; async void method() { await method(); } lock (this) { var = int; } volatile int var; unchecked { var = int; } checked { var = int; } goto label; yield return; dynamic var; partial class { partial void method(); } unsafe void method() { fixed (int* ptr = &var) { *ptr = int; } } byte var; sbyte var; short var; ushort var; uint var; long var; ulong var; float var; double var; decimal var; char var; extern void method(); sealed class; in var; nameof(var); var = var ?? int; var = var?.method(); var = (var > int) ? int : int; var = var && bool; var = var || bool; var = !bool; [] varArray; varArray[0] = int; $""string""; @identifier; #directive; ; public private protected internal class void int string if else return using namespace static new for while bool true false get set var + - * / == != > < >= <= && || ! switch case default break continue try catch finally throw ; , . = + - * / == != > < >= <= && || ! ? : => ; , . = + - * / == != > < >= <= && || ! ? : => ; , . = + - * / == != > < >= <= && || ! ? : =>
Aristoteles befasst sich mit der Frage nach der idealen Staatsform, deren Ziel das gute Leben sein soll. Dazu erläutert er zunächst die Zusammensetzung des Staates. Nach Aristoteles ist der Mensch ein „zoon politikon“, also ein staatenbildendes Wesen. Der Mensch ist von Natur aus Teil einer Gemeinschaft.
Die kleinste Einheit im Staat bildet das Haus, das aus Mann und Frau bzw. Herr und Diener besteht. Die über einen Tag hinausreichenden Bedürfnisse erfüllt das Dorf, das sich aus Häusern zusammensetzt. Mehrere Dörfer bilden den Staat. Außerhalb der Gemeinschaft kann nur ein schlechtes Wesen oder ein göttliches Wesen leben.
Um darzulegen, welche Regierungsform die beste ist, vergleicht Aristoteles zunächst gute und schlechte Verfassungen. Gute Verfassungen, wie die Monarchie, Aristokratie und Politie, handeln zum Wohl der Gemeinschaft, während schlechte Regierungen wie Tyrannei, Demokratie oder Oligarchie nur den eigenen Vorteil im Blick haben.
Als beste Regierungsform erkennt Aristoteles die Politie, in der die Mittleren herrschen. Diese Mittleren verfügen über ein mittleres Vermögen, wodurch sie nicht zu unterwürfig und nicht profitorientiert sind. Aristoteles ist der Auffassung, dass man am besten der Vernunft gehorcht, wenn man genug zum Leben hat und der Gemeinschaft dient.
Along with audition, the inner ear is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium. The cells that sense head position, head movement, and body motion are located within the vestibule of the inner ear. Head position is sensed by otolith organs, (the two membranous sacs of the vestibule, the utricle and the saccule) whereas head movement is sensed by the semicircular canals. The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brainstem and cerebellum.
Rotational Coding by Semicircular Canals. Rotational movement of the head is encoded by the hair cells in the base of the semicircular canals. As one of the canals moves in an arc with the head, the internal fluid moves in the opposite direction, causing the cupula (a gelatinous membrane overlying the crista ampullaris of the semicircular canal) and stereocilia (miniscule hair-like protrusions on the surface of sensory cells) to bend. The movement of two canals within a plane results in information about the direction in which the head is moving, and activation of all six canals can give a very precise indication of head movement in three dimensions.
Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch, proprioception, (sense movement, action and location) and interoception. (the perception of internal signals from the body) These modalities include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, proprioception, and kinesthesia. This means that its receptors are not associated with a specialized organ, but are instead spread throughout the body in a variety of organs. Many of the somatosensory receptors are located in the skin, but receptors are also found in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments, and in the walls of visceral organs.
The two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by free nerve endings are pain and temperature. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from body temperature. Some thermoreceptors are sensitive to just cold and others to just heat. Nociception is the sensation of potentially damaging stimuli. Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors.
For example, the sensation of heat associated with spicy foods involves capsaicin, the active molecule in hot peppers. Capsaicin molecules bind to a transmembrane ion channel in nociceptors that is sensitive to temperatures above 37°C (98.6°F). The dynamics of capsaicin binding with this transmembrane ion channel are unusual in that the molecule remains bound for a long time. Because of this, it will decrease the ability of other stimuli to elicit pain sensations through the activated nociceptor. For this reason, capsaicin can be used as a topical analgesic, such as in products such as Icy Hot.
Rule
Subject matter jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear a type of case. Proper subject matter jurisdiction based on federal question jurisdiction can be achieved by satisfying constitutional requirements of Article III, Section 2; and statutory requirements of sections 1331. Constitutional authority arises from Article III, Section 2, to have jurisdiction over claims “arising under this Constitution, the laws if the United States, and treaties made, or which may be made, under their authority.” The statutory requirement is provided by Section 1331, “the district courts shall have original jurisdiction over all civil actions arising under the Constitution, the laws, and the treaties of the United States.”
Application
Constitutional authority arises from Article III, Section 2, giving the courts jurisdiction over claims “arising under this Constitution, the laws if the United States, and treaties made, or which may be made, under their authority.” This has been interpreted in Osborne as simply having a part of the case related to federal law, or simply put, a “federal ingredient.” [apply]. [conclude].
The statutory requirement is provided by Section 1331, “the district courts shall have original jurisdiction over all civil actions arising under the Constitution, the laws, and the treaties of the United States.” This is interpreted much more strictly than the Constitutional requirement. Under 1331, the Holmes Creation Test was created by Justice Holmes in American Well Works, and requires that the federal issue must give rise to the right of action. [apply]. As used in Mottley, the well pleaded complaint rules requires the federal issue to be in the claim, and the federal issue being part of an anticipated defense is insufficient. [apply]. [conclude].
If a plaintiff brings a state law claim that does not satisfy the creation test, the Essential Federal Ingredient Test, which has authority from Grable, can be used to determine if the court should have subject matter jurisdiction. The elements of this test are that the state law claims raises a necessary federal issue, is disputed, is substantial, and does not upset the congressionally approved balance of responsibility. [mini IRAC/apply facts for each factor contested]. [conclude].
The first factor is whether or not the federal issue is necessarily raised. This is that the resolution of the federal issue is required to reach an outcome in the case. [apply]. The next factor is whether or not the issue is actually disputed. [apply]. The third factor is whether the issue is substantial. This is based on the importance of the resolution of the issue to the federal system as a whole, and is exemplified in Gunn, where a patent issue arising from a legal malpractice claim is not substantial. [apply]. The last factor is whether the adjudication of the issue in federal court will upset the congressionally approved balance of responsibilities between the state and federal courts. In Gunn, this factor was against the resolution of the issue in federal court because it would open opportunity for other plaintiffs to bring legal malpractice claims in the federal court system. [apply]. [conclude].
Rule
For a court to have proper personal jurisdiction over a party, the court must have appropriate authority and remain within the constitutional due process limits of the traditional bases or minimum contacts analysis. Pennoyer. A state court requires a grant of state authority, which may be from long arm statutes. The minimum contacts analysis is sufficient for constitutional personal jurisdiction when the party shows purposeful availment and the claim’s relation to the frum state creates a presumption of constitutionality, unless deemed unreasonable by the Gestalt factors. A party may be subject to personal jurisdiction when they have certain minimum contracts such that the maintenance of suit would not offend the traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Without personal jurisdiction, a court lacks the power to give a valid judgement on the case. Article 4, Section 1 is the full faith and credit clause, which says that the state courts must give full faith and credit to judgments of other state courts when judgement is valid. Similarly, U.S. Code Section 1738 says that the federal courts must give full faith and credit to the state courts’ valid judgements. When a court lacks proper personal jurisdiction, the judgement is invalid, like seen in Pennoyer.
Application
For personal jurisdiction to be proper, the state court must have appropriate authority, which comes from state statute. [apply]. [conclude].
Personal jurisdiction is presumed constitutional when contacts with a forum show purposeful availment and relatedness, but this presumption can be overcome by other factors of unreasonableness. Purposeful availment is the quality and nature of contacts that is systematic and continuous. Such contacts means the individual has availed themself to the protection of state laws, and their activity may give rise to potential liability. International Shoe. [apply]. In addition to purposeful availment, there must be relatedness of the claim to the contacts. The claim must demonstrate affiliation with the contacts that the individual has with the state. Bristol-Myers Squibb. [apply]. [conclude].
Although purposeful availment and relatedness create a presumption of constitutionality, it can be overcome by the Gestalt factors if the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be otherwise unreasonable. These factors are the burden on the defendant, the plaintiff’s interest in convenient and effective relief, the forum’s interest in resolving the conflict, the judicial system’s interest in obtaining effective relief, and the common interests of all sovereignties in maintaining substantive justice. [apply]. [conclude]
A consent letter is a formal document that requests or grants permission for a specific action, event, or procedure. It's a legal document that indicates that the person providing the letter understands the risks and implications of the activity or procedure and has given their informed consent.
Rule
Personal jurisdiction is proper when the court is granted proper authority and the exercise of jurisdiction is within constitutional limits of the due process clause. Pennoyer. As a federal court, proper personal jurisdiction requires federal authority which comes from Rule 4(k)(1). For a court to be within the constitutional due process limits when exercising general jurisdiction over a corporation, the forum state must be the corporation’s state of incorporation, principal place of business, or where it has such contacts that it is “essentially at home.” Ford.
Application
For proper personal jurisdiction, a federal court requires a federal grant of authority, which comes from Rule 4(k)(1). Rule (4)(k)(1) states that the federal courts can have personal jurisdiction when the individual or corporation is under the personal jurisdiction of the state court of general jurisdiction where the federal court is located. This means that when a state court has proper jurisdiction, the federal court does as well. One way for a state court to have personal jurisdiction is by long arm statute. Long arm statutes can be either tailored or due process. [apply]. [conclude].
The court must also remain within the constitutional limits of the due process clause. The due process clause says that no state shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” General jurisdiction allows personal jurisdiction over a corporation even if the claims are not related to the state or the corporation’s contacts with the state. This applies where a corporation is incorporated, where it has its principle place of business, or where it is “essentially at home.” Ford. The paradigm examples of general personal jurisdiction over corporations are where the state of incorporation is and where the principal place of business is, and these are equivalent to the domicile of an individual. Daimler. [apply]. When looking at whether a corporation is “essentially at home,” the contacts are to be measured in relation to the entirety of the corporation’s activities. BNSF. This third option, where a corporation’s activities are so systematic and continuous that it is “essentially at home” is an exceptional case. Daimler. Such activities are to be measured relative to the entirety of the corporation’s activities. BNSF. [apply]. Furthermore, a corporation may be consenting to personal jurisdiction of a state when a statute requires the corporation to register for operation. Mallory. [apply]. [conclude].
Rule:
For personal jurisdiction to be proper, a federal court must have federal authority to exercise such jurisdiction and be within constitutional limits. Pennoyer. The federal court must have federal authority, which can come from Rule 4(k)(1). Rule 4(k)(1) states that a federal court can have personal jurisdiction over someone who is served a summons or waiver of service and is under any of the categories of: (A) within the jurisdiction of the state court of general jurisdiction of the state the court is located in; (B) is joined by Rule 14 or 19 and is within 100 miles of where the court is; or (C) if permitted by statute.
The second requirement for personal jurisdiction to be proper for the court to be within constitutional limits. To be within constitutional limits, a court must establish the jurisdiction by one of the traditional bases of domicile, tag, service on an agent, or in rem. The traditional bases are based on the rule of territoriality, which is a rule that gives states sovereignty over the land, people, and property within its borders. The court in Pennoyer, a case between a California resident and an Oregon resident, affirmed the rule of territoriality by invalidating Neff v. Mitchell. Neff v. Mitchell was overturned because the court did not exercise proper personal jurisdiction. Lastly, he did own land in Oregon but the attachment of this land to the case was not until the end, so in rem jurisdiction was not valid.
Application:
The first step in determining if the federal court has personal jurisdiction over an individual is evaluating if exercising jurisdiction would be within the authority given by Rule 4(k)(1). Rule 4(k)(1)(A) means that a person who is within the statutory personal jurisdiction of a state court can be within the granted authority for personal jurisdiction of the federal court. States may have tailored or due process long arm statutes. [apply]. [conclude].
After the statutory requirement is met, there is also a due process requirement. The due process clause says a state cannot “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.” Within this requirement, there are two types of jurisdiction, general and specific. General jurisdiction is proper over those domiciled in the state, while specific jurisdiction can include tag, service on an agent, consent, and in rem.
The first approach is general jurisdiction, which can be determined by an individual’s domicile. Federal courts can have constitutional personal jurisdiction over an individual who is domiciled in that state. The state that someone is domiciled in is the state that they intend to reside in indefinitely. [apply]. [conclude].
Under specific jurisdiction, there are more approaches, and this includes tag service. Tag is a traditional basis on which the court can have personal jurisdiction when a defendant is served a summons and complaint in the state’s border. [apply]. [conclude].
Another specific jurisdiction basis is service on an agent. The court can have personal jurisdiction over an individual when the person appoints an agent to receive process of service, and when that agent receives service in that state. [apply]. [conclude].
Personal jurisdiction can also be within constitutional limits when the defendant consents to the court’s jurisdiction. The consent basis establishes that a court can have personal jurisdiction over an individual who has contractually agreed to the court’s jurisdiction or who has voluntarily appeared in court. [apply]. [conclude].
The last basis for personal jurisdiction is in rem. In rem is different from the previously explained bases because it is the court’s exercise of power over a piece of property, not the individual themself. As applied in Pennoyer, the attachment of the property to the suit must be at the start. [apply]. [conclude].
Ik geloof in mijn eigen kracht en potentieel, zelfs wanneer dingen moeilijk of onzeker lijken. Elke dag biedt een nieuwe kans om te groeien, te leren en sterker te worden dan ik gisteren was. Ik weet dat successen niet vanzelf komen, maar door toewijding, consistentie en geloof in mijn eigen kunnen kan ik mijn doelen bereiken.
Mijn reis tot nu toe heeft me laten zien dat ik veerkrachtig ben. Ik heb uitdagingen overwonnen, oplossingen gevonden in moeilijke situaties en mezelf telkens opnieuw bewezen. Ik ben in staat om mezelf te verbeteren door te blijven leren, nieuwe vaardigheden te ontwikkelen en mijn fouten als leermomenten te zien in plaats van mislukkingen.
Elke stap die ik zet, hoe klein ook, brengt me dichter bij de persoon die ik wil worden. Het belangrijkste is niet hoe snel ik vooruitgang boek, maar dat ik blijf bewegen in de richting van mijn dromen. Ik omarm mijn fouten, omdat ze me waardevolle lessen leren en me helpen mijn pad beter te begrijpen.
Ik ben trots op hoe ver ik al ben gekomen, maar ik weet dat ik nog veel meer kan bereiken. Discipline en geduld zijn mijn bondgenoten, en mijn passie drijft me vooruit. Wanneer ik het gevoel heb dat ik vastzit, herinner ik mezelf eraan dat ik de kracht heb om obstakels te overwinnen. Elk probleem heeft een oplossing, en ik heb de middelen en creativiteit om die te vinden.
Ik vertrouw erop dat de toekomst vol mogelijkheden zit. Alles wat ik nodig heb, zit al in mij. Door mijn doorzettingsvermogen, positieve mindset en toewijding kan ik alles bereiken wat ik me voorneem. Het is oké om af en toe te twijfelen of te falen, zolang ik maar blijf opstaan en verder ga.
Vandaag kies ik ervoor om te geloven in mijn potentieel. Ik kies ervoor om te handelen, zelfs als het moeilijk lijkt. Ik weet dat elke inspanning, hoe klein ook, zich op lange termijn zal uitbetalen. Ik ben niet bang voor de toekomst, want ik ben voorbereid en vastberaden om mijn pad te volgen, hoe uitdagend het ook mag zijn.
Ik ben sterker dan ik denk, wijzer dan ik besef en moediger dan ik ooit had verwacht.
Elke dag is een nieuwe kans om mezelf te laten zien wat ik waard ben. Ik ben de architect van mijn eigen leven, en ik heb de kracht om mijn realiteit vorm te geven. Ongeacht de obstakels die op mijn pad komen, weet ik dat ik de innerlijke kracht bezit om door te gaan. Mijn verleden definieert me niet; het dient als fundament waarop ik mijn toekomst bouw.
Ik sta mezelf toe te dromen, groot te dromen. Mijn ambities zijn niet onbereikbaar, want ik heb de discipline en het doorzettingsvermogen om ze waar te maken. Elke kleine stap vooruit, elke nieuwe vaardigheid die ik leer, brengt me dichter bij mijn doelen. Ik begrijp dat succes niet altijd lineair is, en ik ben bereid om de ups en downs van de reis te omarmen.
Als ik geconfronteerd word met uitdagingen, herinner ik mezelf eraan dat het niet de moeilijkheid van de situatie is die telt, maar hoe ik ervoor kies om ermee om te gaan. Ik ben niet bang om fouten te maken, want ik weet dat elke fout me dichter bij het juiste antwoord brengt. Elk moment van twijfel of teleurstelling is slechts tijdelijk, en ik ben sterker dan mijn angsten.
Ik waardeer wie ik ben en de unieke kwaliteiten die ik in de wereld breng. Mijn kracht ligt niet alleen in wat ik doe, maar ook in hoe ik anderen inspireer door mijn vastberadenheid en positiviteit. Ik weet dat mijn successen niet alleen mijn eigen leven verbeteren, maar ook bijdragen aan een betere wereld.
Vandaag kies ik ervoor om volledig aanwezig te zijn. Ik richt me op wat ik kan controleren en laat los wat ik niet kan veranderen. Ik vertrouw op mijn intuïtie en mijn vermogen om beslissingen te nemen die mijn groei ondersteunen. Elke beslissing, groot of klein, is een stap in de richting van een betere toekomst.
Ik herinner mezelf eraan dat rust en zelfzorg net zo belangrijk zijn als hard werken. Door goed voor mezelf te zorgen, kan ik op mijn best zijn. Ik erken mijn waarde, zelfs op dagen dat ik minder productief ben. Het leven is een marathon, geen sprint, en ik gun mezelf de tijd om te ademen, te reflecteren en te herstellen.
Ik ben dankbaar voor alles wat ik al heb bereikt en alles wat nog komt. Mijn pad is uniek, en ik hoef het met niemand anders te vergelijken. Ik vertrouw op mijn eigen tempo en mijn eigen manier van leren en groeien.
Het leven biedt mij eindeloze mogelijkheden. Ik ben vastberaden, sterk en in staat om mijn dromen werkelijkheid te maken. Ik heb al zoveel obstakels overwonnen, en ik weet dat ik klaar ben voor wat er nog op mijn pad komt. Mijn toekomst is helder, omdat ik ervoor kies om die met mijn eigen handen te creëren.
Ik ben trots op wie ik ben en op wie ik word. Vandaag, morgen en elke dag daarna kies ik ervoor om vol vertrouwen vooruit te blijven gaan.
Rule:
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(6) allows dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. This dismissal is for failure to satisfy Rule 8(a)(2), “short and plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” As established by Conley, a pleader does not need to provide factual detail for the claim. In Conley and Leatherman, the courts establish that despite the lack of requirement to set out a claim in detail, the claim does need to provide fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which it rests. The court in Iqbal establishes that a pleader can plead intent only generally under Rule 9(b), but this is not a reason to ignore the requirement of Rule 8(a)(2). In the pleading process, a pleader must provide sufficient factual allegations, that will be presumed to be true, to state a claim that is plausible on its face. The court in Iqbal follows a three-step process to analyze a pleader’s claim is sufficient under Rule 8(a)(2). The three steps are (1) identifying the right of action and its elements; (2) identifying allegations that are conclusory and setting them aside so the nonconclusory allegations remaining can be given the presumption of truth; (3) and then assessing whether the presumed true allegations support the right of action directly or by inference.
Application:
The first step of the three-part analysis from Iqbal is determining the right of action and its elements. In the present case, the right of action is _______ and the elements of _________ are ________.
The second of the three steps is separating conclusory allegations and giving the remaining allegations the presumption of truth. Iqbal gives further explanation of what this means. Allegations that are unadorned accusations, mere labels and formulaic recitations, and naked assertions devoid of facts are all insufficient. Iqbal. [apply]. [conclude].
The third and final step of the analysis is comparing the remaining allegations to the right of action and its elements, and assessing whether they move the claim from conceivable to plausible. Even when the judge is skeptical of the party’s ability to find evidence for an allegation, the allegation can still be given the presumption of truth and the party will have the chance to find evidence in discovery. Iqbal. When assessing a claim, the judge will use judicial experience and common sense to consider whether there are more common alternative explanations. Iqbal. Even if the allegations of a complaint match the elements of a right of action, more likely explanations make them insufficient. Twombly, Iqbal. [apply]. [conclude].
