Sadness, a universal yet deeply personal emotion, often arrives unexpectedly, lingering as a shadow in life’s bright moments. It may arise from – loss, unmet expectations, or the inevitable passage of time, each adding a unique shade to its depth. Unlike fleeting happiness, sadness encourages pause, inviting introspection, and a profound connection to oneself. In a world that often prioritizes joy, sadness teaches us essential lessons in empathy, patience, and resilience. It reminds us of what truly matters, revealing people, and memories that hold genuine value. Through sadness, we gain a capacity for compassion, learning not only to heal ourselves, but also to support others in their silent battles. Embracing sadness, rather than dismissing it, we grow, finding it to be a fundamental thread in life’s tapestry that adds - richness, meaning, and depth to our understanding of joy.
"We are like the mechanism of a watch: Each part is essential," said brother Salomon. As in a watch, every part of the business moved in concert with every other, and the inner workings were invisible to the world, which only saw the movement of the hands. While other rich and powerful families suffered irrecoverable downturns during the tumultous first half of the nineteenth century, the tight-knit Rothschilds managed not only to preserve but to expand their unprecedented wealth.
In 1824 James Rothschild decided it was time to get married. This presented a problem for the Rothschild, since it meant incorporating an outsider into the Rothschild clan, an outsider who could betray its secrets. James therefore decided to marry within the family, and chose the daughter of his brother Salomon. The brothers were ecstatic this was the perfect solution to their marriage problems. James's choice now became the family policy: Two years later, Nathan married off his daughter to Salomon's son. In the years to come, the five brothers arranged eighteen matches among their children, sixteen of these being contracted between first cousins.
This widespread network, of course, opened the Rothschilds to the very danger of which their father had warned them: diffusion, division, dissension. They avoided this danger, and established themselves as the most powerful force in European finance and politics, by once again resorting to the strategy of the ghetto excluding outsiders, concentrating their forces. The Rothschilds established the fastest courier system in Europe, allowing them to get news of events before all their competitors. They held a virtual monopoly on information. And their internal communications and correspondence were written in Frankfurt Yiddish, and in a code that only the brothers could understand it. "Even the shewdest bankers cannot find their way through the Rothschild maze," admitted a financier who had tried to infiltrate the clan.
Once Mayer Amschel's sons controlled the family business, they decided that the key to wealth on a larger scale was to secure a foothold in the finances of Europe as a whole, rather than being tied to any one country or prince. Of the five brothers, Nathan had already opened up shop in London. In 1813 James moved to Paris. Amschel remained in Frankfurt, Salomon established himself in Vienna, and Karl, the youngest son, went to Naples. With each sphere of influence covered, they could tighten their hold on Europe's financial markets.
First, Mayer Amschel allied himself with one family, the powerful princes of Thurn und Taxis. Instead of spreading his services out, he made himself these princes' primary banker. Second, he entrusted none of his business to outsiders, using only his children and close relatives. The more unified and tight-knit the family, the more powerful it would become. Soon Mayer Amschel's five sons were running the business. And when Mayer Amschel lay dying, in 1812, he refused to name a principal heir, instead setting up all of his sons to continue the family tradition, so that they would stay united and would resist the dangers of diffusion and of infiltration by outsiders.
Observance Of The Law
The Rothschild banking family had humble beginnings in the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt, Germany. The city's harsh laws made it impossible for Jews to mingle outside the ghetto, but the Jews had turned this into a virtue it made them self-reliant, and zealous to preserve their culture at all costs. Mayer Amschel, the first of the Rothschilds to accumulate wealth by lending money, in the late eighteenth century, well understood the power that comes from this kind of concentration and cohesion.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of recounting or paraphrasing what someone else has said, without using their exact words. In English, this usually means changing certain elements of the original sentence to match the context of the new speaker or situation. When moving from direct speech (the original words) to reported speech, we adjust elements like time expressions, place references, verb tenses, and pronouns to accurately convey the message. This transformation is essential for clarity and correctness, especially when reporting events in the past.
In reported speech, verb tenses often shift back to reflect the time at which the original statement was made, particularly when the reporting verb is in the past (e.g., He said). For instance, in direct speech, someone might say, “I am reading a book.” When we report this, it would change to “He said he was reading a book.” Here, the present continuous am reading becomes the past continuous was reading to match the reporting context. This shift in tenses is commonly referred to as “backshifting” and is typically necessary for sentences reported in the past tense. However, if the reporting verb is in the present (e.g., He says), backshifting is not required, and we may keep the original tenses.
Pronoun changes are also crucial in reported speech, as they ensure the sentence correctly reflects who is speaking or being referred to. Consider the statement, “I love my job.” If Maria said this, it would become “Maria said she loved her job” when reported. Here, I changes to she and my changes to her to make the sentence coherent for the reader or listener. These adjustments in pronouns are necessary for accurately representing who is involved in the original conversation and who is doing the reporting.
Time expressions frequently need adjustment as well. When reporting speech, expressions like today, yesterday, and tomorrow change to words that reflect the passage of time, such as that day, the day before, and the next day, respectively. For example, if someone says, “I will see you tomorrow,” in reported speech, this becomes, “He said he would see me the next day.” Adjusting time expressions in this way ensures that the reported sentence makes sense based on when the conversation is retold.
Place expressions like here and there may also change when converting direct to reported speech. For instance, if a person says, “I’ll meet you here,” we would report it as, “He said he would meet me there,” if the reporting takes place in a different location. This change helps orient the listener or reader to the new context of the reported conversation and avoids confusion about where events took place.
Another aspect to consider is the reporting of questions. When changing direct questions into reported questions, the structure often changes from question form to statement form. For example, “Where are you going?” becomes “She asked where he was going.” Note that question marks are removed in reported questions, and word order is adjusted as well. This shift is necessary because reported questions are statements about inquiries rather than direct questions themselves.
Commands and requests also undergo changes in reported speech. Rather than simply reporting the words, we use phrases like told or asked to introduce the command or request. For instance, “Close the door,” becomes, “He told me to close the door.” Here, told serves as the reporting verb, and we use the infinitive form, to close, to report the command. These adjustments convey the directive’s intent while maintaining correct grammar in reported form.
In summary, reported speech involves changing elements like verb tenses, pronouns, time and place expressions, and question structure to accurately reflect the context of the conversation. These modifications allow for clear communication, ensuring the listener or reader understands who is speaking and what was originally said. Mastering reported speech is an essential skill for expressing conversations that occurred in the past, retelling others’ words, or communicating in formal writing.
Happiness, often described as a fleeting emotion or a lasting state of mind is one of humanity's most cherished pursuits. It manifests differently for each individual some find it in simple pleasures like a warm meal or a gentle breeze while others seek it in accomplishments, relationships or self-discovery. Philosophers and psychologists alike have pondered the roots of happiness suggesting that it springs less from external circumstances and more from an inner sense of peace and purpose. Studies suggest that happiness is closely linked to gratitude, mindfulness and meaningful connections with others. However it is not a destination but a journey often cultivated by resilience and a positive mindset. True happiness lies in embracing both joys and challenges with equal grace, finding beauty in the present moment and nurturing a compassionate outlook toward oneself and the world.
In Catalonia here were different languages and different traditions. They are also one of Spain's wealthiest regions and the financial crash spread the resentment and separatism.
In 2006, Spanish government granted the Catalonians even power and economic opportunity. However, in 2010 the Spanish government took most of their autonomy away, and they began to protest and ask for independence by speaking out. The government imprisoned 9 separatist leaders and said they denied their request for independence.
Cultural-The Basques have their own language, and most Spanish people can't speak it making the Basques very isolated in what they could influence and who they could communicate with.
They also have had a very violent history with the rest of Spin because of the ETA terrorist group, which made Spain slow to give independence or make any big decisions revolving around the Basque's autonomy.
Economic-In Catalonia, the area creates 19 percent of all income that Spain receives, and Barcelona is one of the highest tourism destinations in Spain.
Cultural- Additionally, 16 percent of Spain's population lives there, but they do not speak the same language which causes them to be divided.
The Basques pushed for independence, and they got some autonomy over their people, but they did not break apart because of the violence from the ETA terrorist group that had previously caused caution for the Spanish government. The terrorism caused Spain to only give some autonomy to Spain to satisfy the ETA, and after which they broke up, but Spain still considered the threat to be there. The Basques wanted independence because they speak a different language and did not believe the same things as most Catholic Spaniards did. Catalonia also wanted independence following the Basques, but they had strong economic ties to the Spanish income and the highest tourism destination in Spain, making Spain not want to lose control over their land.
It was an April morning when they told us we should go
As I turn to you, you smiled at me
How could we say no?
Oh, the fun to have
To live the dreams we always had
Oh, the songs to sing
When we at last return again
Slipping off a glancing kiss
To those who claim they know
Below the streets that steam and hiss
The devil's in his hole
Oh, to sail away
To sandy lands and other days
Oh, to touch the dream
Hides inside and never seen, yeah
Into the sun, the south, the north
At last the birds have flown
The shackles of commitment fell
In pieces on the ground
Oh, to ride the wind
To tread the air above the din
Oh, to laugh aloud
Dancing as we fought the crowds, yeah
To seek the man whose pointing hand
The giant step unfolds
With guidance from the curving path
That churns up into stone
If one bell should ring
In celebration for a king
So fast the heart should beat
As proud the head with heavy feet, yeah
Days went by when you and I
Bathed in eternal summer's glow
As far away and distant
Our mutual child did grow
Oh the sweet refrain
Soothes the soul and calms the pain
Oh Albion remains
Sleeping now to rise again
Wandering and wandering
What place to rest the search?
The mighty arms of Atlas
Hold the heavens from the earth
For the mighty arms of Atlas
Hold the heavens from the earth
From the earth
For the Chinese, the fate of the kingdom of Wu serves as an elemental lesson on what happens when you dissipate your forces on several fronts, losing sight of distant dangers for the sake of present gain. "If you are not in danger," says Sun-tzu, "do not fight." It is almost a physical law: What is bloated beyond its proportions inevitably collapses. The mind must not wander from goal to goal, or be distracted by success from its sense of purpose and proportion. What is concentrated, coherent, and connected to its past has power. What is dissipated, divided, and distended rots and falls to the ground. The bigger it bloats, the harder it falls.
'Throw them out': What led to scuffle between BJP MLAs, marshals in Jammu and Kashmir assembly? Chaos in Jammu and Kashmir assembly: A brawl broke out between Bharatiya Janata Party MLAs and marshals of the Jammu and Kashmir assembly on Thursday, November 7, after the Speaker directed the eviction of Opposition members who had stormed the well during their protest over the special status resolution. BJP MLAs pin down marshal after a brawl broke out over a banner on the restoration of Article 370 displayed by Awami Ittehad Party (AIP) MLA and brother of Lok Sabha MP Engineer Rashid, Khursheed Ahmad Sheikh in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly session, in Srinagar on Thursday. (ANI)
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Interpretation
The story of Wu is a paradigm of all the empires that have come to ruin by overreaching. Drunk with success and sick with ambition, such empires expand to grotesque proportions and meet a ruin that is total. This is what happened to ancient Athens, which lusted for the faraway island of Sicily and ended up losing its empire. The Romans stretched the boundaries of their empire to encompass vast territories; in doing so they increased their vulnerability, and the chances of invasion from yet another barbarian tribe. Their useless expansion led their empire into oblivion.
As Wu Tzu-hsiu had predicted, within a few years a Yueh army passed beneath the gate of Wu. As the barbarians surrounded the palace, the king remembered his minister's last words and felt the dead man's disembodied eyes watching his disgrace. Unable to bear his shame, the king killed himself, "covering his face so that he would not have to meet the reproachful gaze of his minister in the next world."
While concerns about overconsumption are valid, I agree with Claire that it isn't our most pressing societal challenge. Instead, I believe we need to focus on the growing economic inequality, which directly shapes consumption patterns across different social classes.
The reality is complex: while some wealthy individuals engage in excessive consumption through luxury purchases and disposable goods, many people worldwide struggle to meet their basic needs. Factory workers in developing countries, for instance, carefully budget their limited resources just to provide necessities for their families. This stark contrast supports Claire's observation that overconsumption is primarily concentrated among the wealthy.
While environmental concerns about landfills and energy usage raised by the first student are important, addressing economic inequality could naturally help regulate consumption patterns. When resources are more equitably distributed, people tend to make more mindful purchasing decisions.
Therefore, rather than viewing excessive consumption as an isolated problem, we should examine it as a symptom of broader economic disparities in our society. Addressing inequality could lead to more sustainable consumption patterns across all social classes.
In the year 490, Wu Tzu-hsiu sent his son away to safety in the kingdom of Ch'i. In doing so he sent the king a signal that he disapproved of the war, and that he believed the king's selfish ambition was leading Wu to ruin. The king, sensing betrayal, lashed out at his minister, accusing him of a lack of loyalty and, in a fit of anger, ordered him to kill himself. Wu Tzu-hsiu obeyed his king, but before he plunged the knife into his chest, he cried, "Tear out my eyes, oh King, and fix them on the gate of Wu, so that I may see the triumphant entry of Yueh."
The war began with great fanfare and several victories, but it soon bogged down. A victory on one front would leave the Wu armies vulnerable on another. The king's chief minister and adviser, Wu Tzu-hsiu, warned him that the barbarous state of Yueh, to the south, was beginning to notice the kingdom of Wu's problems and had designs to invade. The king only laughed at such worries one more big victory and the great Middle Kingdom would be his.
Learning programming concepts with p5.js and creative coding opens up many exciting ways to understand coding fundamentals. Here’s a detailed breakdown, with a few additional concepts included:
1. Variables
Variables store information that your program can use, manipulate, or display. For instance, in p5.js, variables can keep track of an object's color, location, or size. Declaring a variable is like creating a “bucket” to hold specific data that you can use throughout your sketch. Syntax example: let x = 10;.
2. Data Types
Different types of data need unique ways of handling. Key data types include:
Integer (int): Whole numbers like 5 or -20.
Float: Decimal numbers, such as 3.14.
String: Text, e.g., "Hello".
Boolean: True or false values, such as true.
Knowing which data type to use is essential for creating responsive and functional sketches.
3. Operators
Operators perform operations on data, which helps in calculations or manipulations. Types of operators include:
Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /.
Comparison operators: ==, !=, >, <.
Logical operators: && (and), || (or).
Example: x = y + 5 adds 5 to y and stores the result in x.
4. Functions
Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks, making your code modular and easier to read. In p5.js, you start with setup() (runs once) and draw() (loops continuously), the two main functions for creating interactive sketches. Additional functions can be written to organize code, such as defining custom behaviors for objects.
Example: function greet() { console.log("Hello!"); }
5. Conditionals
Conditionals allow your program to make decisions based on certain conditions, using if, else, and else if. For example, conditionals can make an object turn red if a user clicks on it.
Example: if (mouseX > width / 2) { fill(255, 0, 0); } else { fill(0, 255, 0); }.
6. Loops
Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times. They’re essential for tasks like drawing grids or processing multiple objects.
For loop: Repeats a set number of times.
While loop: Continues while a condition is true.
Example: for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) { ellipse(i * 10, height / 2, 10, 10); }
7. Arrays
Arrays hold multiple values in a single variable, helpful for managing groups of objects. For example, if you’re drawing multiple shapes, an array can store their positions.
Example: let colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];
8. Objects
Objects group properties (data) and methods (functions) into one entity, representing real-world items, like a “ball” object that has a position, speed, and color.
Example: let ball = { x: 50, y: 100, radius: 20 };
9. Control Flow
Control flow directs the order in which code executes. Using conditionals and loops, you can control when and how certain blocks of code run.
10. Compiler/Interpreter
The interpreter in p5.js (JavaScript) reads code line by line and executes it, letting you see results instantly. An interpreter is helpful for experimentation and quickly testing new ideas.
11. Syntax
Syntax refers to the rules and structure of a programming language. In p5.js, correct syntax is essential, such as using semicolons to end lines and matching curly braces. Syntax errors are common for beginners, so paying attention to syntax rules is key.
12. Animation
Animation in p5.js involves updating objects’ positions, colors, or shapes over time, creating a sense of movement. This is managed through the draw() loop, which automatically refreshes the canvas.
Example: x += 1; inside draw() will make an object move continuously.
13. Interactivity
Interactivity makes your sketches responsive to user inputs like mouse clicks or keyboard presses. In p5.js, functions like mousePressed() or keyPressed() enable such responsiveness.
Example: function mousePressed() { background(255, 0, 0); }
14. Debugging and Console Log
Debugging helps locate errors. Using console.log() to print values can show what’s happening in the code, allowing you to track bugs more easily.
These core programming concepts will give you a solid foundation to create dynamic, interactive, and visually engaging sketches in p5.js, taking you from beginner to intermediate understanding in creative coding. Each builds on the last, so you can gradually create more complex and exciting projects as you progress!
