https://play.typeracer.com?rt=18ejhhuz2i
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anomaly /uh-naa-muh-lee/ n. irregularity. A bird that cannot fly is an anomaly.
anonymous /uh-naa-nuh-muhs/ adj. having no name. She tried to ascertain the identity of the writer of the anonymous letter.
antecede /an-tuh-seed/ v. precede. The invention of the radiotelegraph anteceded the development of television by a quarter of a century.
antediluvian /an-tuh-duh-loo-vee-uhn/ adj. antiquated; extremely ancient. Looking at his great-aunt's antique furniture, which must have been cluttering up her attic since the time of Noah's flood, the young heir exclaimed, "Heavens! How positively antediluvian!"
anthology /an-thaa-luh-jee/ n. book of literary selection by various authors. This anthology of science fiction was compiled by the late Isaac Asimov.
anthropoid /an-thruh-poyd/ adj. manlike. The gorilla is the strongest of the anthropoid animals.
anthropomorphic /an-thruh-pow-mor-fuhk/ adj. having human form or characteristics. Primitive religions often have deities with anthropomorphic characteristics.
antidote /an-tuh-dowt/ n. medicine to counteract a poison or disease. When Marge's child accidentally swallowed some cleaning fluid, the local poison control hotline instructed Marge how to administer the antidote.
antiquated /an-tuh-kway-tuhd/ adj. old-fashioned; obsolete. Philip had grown so accustomed to editing his papers on word processors that he thought typewriters were to antiquated for him to use.
antithesis /an-ti-thuh-suhs/ n. contrast; direct opposite of or to. This tyranny was the antithesis of all that he had hoped for, and he fought it with all his strength.
SAMPLE OUTLINE FOR ANSWER TO QUESTION 1
Title by deed
– Deed must be in writing, sufficiently describe land, identify g/or and g/ee, evidence intent
to convey land, and be signed by g/or
– If g/ee name left blank, some cts presume person taking delivery authorized to fill it in
• Deed is written, describes W-acre, lists O as g/or, says “hereby conveys,” signed O
• Deed doesn’t identify g/ee, A didn’t write in his name
s Deed invalid
Title by adverse poss’n
– Adverse poss’n: actual and exclusive, open and notorious, hostile, and continuous use for
statutory period
– Paying prop taxes not required but good evidence of claim of right (hostility)
• Statutory period = 10 yrs
• A’s possession actual/exclusive (didn’t share possession), open/notorious (gardened,
cut timber, parked cars there), and hostile (void deed) for 11 years
• A paid prop taxes
s A has title by adverse poss’n
Superior title
– Notice recording act = subsequent BFP prevails over prior g/ee even w/o recording
– BFP = purchaser for value w/o actual, record, or inquiry notice of prior claim
– Actual notice = knowledge
– Record notice = properly recorded deed in chain of title
– Inquiry notice = what inquiry of property would’ve revealed
• B paid fair market value
• B had no actual notice
• O-to-A deed not recorded
• No inquiry notice from unoccupied property
s B was a BFP
– BFPs not protected against interests arising by operation of law
• A got title by adverse poss’ns A’s title superior
Answer C is correct. The land is owned by the granddaughter, subject to the friend’s estate for the life of the son. The landowner’s deed attempted to restrain alienability of the interests in the land. A disabling restraint is one that renders any attempted transfer ineffective. All disabling restraints on legal interests (e.g., a fee simple or life estate) are void. Here, the son’s life estate, a legal interest, is subject to a disabling restraint prohibiting him from transferring his interest. The restraint is void, and the son’s conveyance to the friend is valid. The friend takes what the son had: an estate for the son’s life. In contrast to a disabling restraint, a forfeiture restraint on alienation, under which an attempted transfer forfeits the interest, is valid if it is limited as to time and reasonable. Here, the restraint is limited to the time before the interest becomes possessory and seems reasonable; so, any attempt by the granddaughter or grandson to transfer their interest while the interest was still a remainder would cause a forfeiture. Thus, the grandson’s attempted transfer to the neighbor was invalid and caused a forfeiture of the grandson’s remainder in favor of the granddaughter. Consequently, the granddaughter owns the land, subject to the friend’s life estate pur autre vie. Answers A and B are incorrect because, as explained above, the landowner’s son validly transferred his life estate to the friend. Answer D is incorrect. The granddaughter has a vested remainder, and the friend has a life estate pur autre vie.
Answer B is correct. The neighbor will likely prevail because only the landowner has the right to terminate his right to take water. The deed in this question did not vest either immediate title or right of possession in the daughter. The language of the conveyance in this question contains the words “subject to the condition precedent.” Thus, the daughter has a springing executory interest. Title will vest only at such time as the condition precedent is satisfied, that is, upon her completion of two years of military service before she reaches the age of 28. In the meantime, title and possession remain in the landowner. Therefore, the landowner is the only person who has the right to terminate the neighbor"s right to take water. Answer A is incorrect. This answer choice correctly states that the neighbor will prevail, but it provides the wrong reason. The right given by the landowner to the neighbor to take water was given orally. The Statute of Frauds requires a conveyance of an interest in land that will last more than one year to be in writing. The right given to the neighbor cannot be either an easement or a profit a prendre, because those are interests in land and the grant of that interest would need to be in writing to be enforceable. However, a failed attempt to create an oral easement or profit results in creation of licenses. A license is not an interest in land and so does not fall under the Statute of Frauds. A license is revocable at will. However, the revocation must come from the landowner, the person who has a present possessory interest in the property, not the daughter, who only has a future interest. Answer C is incorrect. The language of the conveyance in this question contains the words "subject to the condition precedent." Thus, the daughter has a springing executory interest, which will become possessory at the time she satisfies the condition precedent. A fee simple subject to divestment would give the daughter immediate possession and then oust her if the condition was not satisfied at the specified time. The language here is explicitly a condition precedent, not subsequent. Answer D is incorrect. As explained above, the right given by the landowner to the neighbor to take water was given orally. Thus, because of the Statute of Frauds, it is neither an easement nor a profit a prendre, but only a license. A license is revocable at will. However, only the landowner (the holder of the present possessory interest in the property), not the daughter (the holder of only a future interest), has the power to terminate. Since the landowner has not terminated the license, the neighbor will prevail.
The orange grove is owned by the niece, subject to the friend’s estate for the life of the brother. The farmer’s deed attempted to restrain alienability of the interests in the orange grove. A disabling restraint is one that renders any attempted transfer ineffective. All disabling restraints on legal interests (e.g., a fee simple or life estate) are void. Here, the brother’s life estate, a legal interest, is subject to a disabling restraint. The restraint prohibiting him from transferring his interest is void; therefore, the brother’s conveyance to his friend is valid. The friend takes what the brother had: an estate for the brother’s life. In contrast to a disabling restraint, a partial forfeiture restraint on alienation, under which an attempted transfer forfeits the interest, is valid if reasonable. Restraints on vested future interests generally are valid only to the extent that restraints on present interests of the same type are valid. Thus, a partial forfeiture restraint on a vested remainder in fee simple will be upheld if reasonable. In this case, any attempt by the niece or nephew to transfer her or his interest while the interest was still a remainder caused a forfeiture. Because the restraint only lasts for a limited time and then allows for free transfer, it is a valid restraint. Thus, the nephew’s attempted transfer to the loan shark was invalid and caused a forfeiture of the nephew’s remainder in favor of the niece. Consequently, the niece owns the orange grove, subject to the friend’s life estate pur autre vie.
The buyer is most likely to recover from the accountant for breach of the covenant of the right to convey. A general warranty deed is one in which the grantor covenants against title defects created both by himself and by all prior titleholders. One of the usual covenants contained in a general warranty deed is the covenant of the right to convey, which is a covenant that the grantor has the power and authority to make the grant. It is a present covenant that is breached, if at all, at the time of conveyance if the grantor is not the owner of the interest he purports to convey. If there is a breach, the grantee has a cause of action against which the statute of limitations begins to run at the time of conveyance. Here, the deed from the trespasser to the accountant was void because it was forged. Thus, the accountant was not the owner of the land at the time of conveyance to the buyer, and the buyer has a cause of action against the accountant for breach of the covenant of the right to convey. (A) is not a good choice because, although a quitclaim deed does convey whatever interest the grantor has in the property, the deed is void because it was forged.
The orange grove is owned by the niece, subject to the friend’s estate for the life of the brother. The farmer’s deed attempted to restrain alienability of the interests in the orange grove. A disabling restraint is one that renders any attempted transfer ineffective. All disabling restraints on legal interests (e.g., a fee simple or life estate) are void. Here, the brother’s life estate, a legal interest, is subject to a disabling restraint. The restraint prohibiting him from transferring his interest is void; therefore, the brother’s conveyance to his friend is valid. The friend takes what the brother had: an estate for the brother’s life. In contrast to a disabling restraint, a partial forfeiture restraint on alienation, under which an attempted transfer forfeits the interest, is valid if reasonable. Restraints on vested future interests generally are valid only to the extent that restraints on present interests of the same type are valid. Thus, a partial forfeiture restraint on a vested remainder in fee simple will be upheld if reasonable. In this case, any attempt by the niece or nephew to transfer her or his interest while the interest was still a remainder caused a forfeiture. Because the restraint only lasts for a limited time and then allows for free transfer, it is a valid restraint. Thus, the nephew’s attempted transfer to the loan shark was invalid and caused a forfeiture of the nephew’s remainder in favor of the niece. Consequently, the niece owns the orange grove, subject to the friend’s life estate pur autre vie.
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A young man stands in his bedroom. It just so happens that today, the 13th of April, 2009, is this young man's birthday. Though it was thirteen years ago he was given life, it is only today he will be given a name! What will the name of this young man be?
==> Enter name.
ZOOSMELL POOPLORD
TRY AGAIN, SMARTASS
==> Try again.
JOHN EGBERT
==> Examine room.
Your name is JOHN. As was previously mentioned it is your BIRTHDAY. A number of CAKES are scattered about your room. You have a variety of INTERESTS. You have a passion for REALLY TERRIBLE MOVIES. You like to program computers but you are NOT VERY GOOD AT IT. You have a fondness for PARANORMAL LORE, and are an aspiring AMATEUR MAGICIAN. You also like to play GAMES sometimes. What will you do?
==> John: Quickly retrieve arms from drawer.
Your ARMS are in your MAGIC CHEST, pooplord!
==> Remove CAKE from MAGIC CHEST.
Out of sympathy for John's perceived lack of arms, you pick up the CAKE for him and put it on his BED.
==> John: Quickly retrieve arms from MAGIC CHEST.
You retrieve your FAKE ARMS from the chest. You use these for HILARIOUS ANTICS.
You CAPTCHALOGUE them in your SYLLADEX. You have no idea what that actually means though.
There are other items in the chest.
==> John: Examine contents of chest.
In here you keep an array of humorous and mystical ARTIFACTS, each one a devastating weapon in the hands of a SKILLED MAGICIAN or a CUNNING PRANKSTER.
You are neither of these things.
Among the ARTIFACTS are: TWO (2) FAKE ARMS [CURRENTLY CAPTCHALOGUED IN YOUR SYLLADEX], ONE (1) PAIR OF TRICK HANDCUFFS, ONE (1) STUNT SWORD, ONE (1) MAGICIAN'S HAT, ONE (1) PAIR OF BEAGLE PUSS GLASSES, SEVERAL (~) SMOKE PELLETS, SEVERAL (~) BLOOD CAPSULES, and ONE (1) COPY OF COLONEL SASSACRE'S DAUNTING TEXT OF MAGICAL FRIVOLITY AND PRACTICAL JAPERY, and ONE (1) COPY OF HARRY ANDERSON'S "WISE GUY", BY MIKE CAVENEY.
Some of this stuff may come in handy at some point. For now, you decide to just take the SMOKE PELLETS.
It never occurred to me that we spoke. It felt so natural whenever we joked around, and it was everyday. On the phone not saying a single word to each other. Never had a moment of silence met with awkwardness. We sat quietly while we lived our own lives. Every syllable you uttered sounded like poetry. Every touch felt like a privilege. I pray no one takes you for granted.
I would walk twenty miles to listen to my worst enemy if I could learn something.
पक्कै, म नेपालीमा पनि यस्तै निबन्ध तयार पार्न सक्छु जसले अर्थशास्त्र, सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्र, व्यापकअर्थशास्त्र, कर प्रणाली, वित्तीय प्रणाली, लेखाशास्त्रको आधारभूत र उन्नत अवधारणाहरु, र कार्यालय व्यवस्थापन जस्ता विषयहरु समेट्छ। यो निबन्ध करिब १२०० शब्दको हुनेछ, जुन ६० मिनेटको टाइपिङ अभ्यासका लागि उपयुक्त हुनेछ। यहाँ निबन्ध छ:
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**अर्थशास्त्र र यसको शाखाहरु**
अर्थशास्त्र सामाजिक विज्ञान हो जसले व्यक्तिहरू, व्यवसाय, सरकार, र समाजहरूले आफ्ना आवश्यकताहरू र इच्छाहरू पूरा गर्नका लागि स्रोतहरूको कसरी प्रयोग गर्छन् भनेर अध्ययन गर्छ। यसले यी संस्थाहरू कसरी अन्तरक्रिया गर्छन् र अर्थतन्त्र कसरी काम गर्छ भनेर जाँच गर्दछ। अर्थशास्त्रलाई दुई प्रमुख शाखाहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको छ: सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्र र व्यापकअर्थशास्त्र।
**सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्र**
सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्रले व्यक्तिगत इकाईहरूको व्यवहार र निर्णय-प्रक्रियाहरूमा केन्द्रित छ, जस्तै उपभोक्ता, फर्म, र उद्योगहरू। यसले विशेष बजारहरूमा यी इकाईहरूको अन्तरक्रियालाई अध्ययन गर्छ, तिनीहरूको छनौटलाई असर गर्ने कारकहरू, र यी छनौटहरूले सामान र सेवाहरूको आपूर्ति र मागमा कसरी प्रभाव पार्छ। सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्रले लोच, उपभोक्ता व्यवहार, उत्पादन र लागत, र विभिन्न बजार संरचनाहरू जस्तै पूर्ण प्रतिस्पर्धा, एकाधिकार, एकाधिकार प्रतिस्पर्धा, र अलिगोपोली जस्ता अवधारणाहरू अन्वेषण गर्छ।
सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्रको एक प्रमुख अवधारणा आपूर्ति र मागको विचार हो। मागको नियमले भन्छ कि, सबै कुरा बराबर रहेको अवस्थामा, जब कुनै वस्तु वा सेवाको मूल्य घट्छ, मागको मात्रा बढ्छ, र यसको विपरीत। आपूर्तिको नियमले भन्छ कि जब कुनै वस्तु वा सेवाको मूल्य बढ्छ, आपूर्तिको मात्रा पनि बढ्छ। आपूर्ति र माग वक्रहरू भेट हुने बिन्दुलाई सन्तुलन मूल्य भनिन्छ, जहाँ मागको मात्रा आपूर्तिको मात्रा बराबर हुन्छ।
**विस्तृतअर्थशास्त्र**
विस्तृतअर्थशास्त्रले अर्थतन्त्रलाई समग्रमा अध्ययन गर्छ। यसले कुल उत्पादन, कुल रोजगार, समग्र मूल्य स्तर, र मुद्रास्फीति स्तर जस्ता व्यापक समग्रहरू र औसतहरूमा ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्छ। विस्तृतअर्थशास्त्रले आर्थिक वृद्धिलाई चलाउने कारकहरू, बेरोजगारीका कारणहरू, मुद्रास्फीति के हो र यसको असरहरू, र मौद्रिक र राजस्व नीतिहरूको प्रभावलाई बुझ्नको लागि प्रयास गर्छ।
विस्तृतअर्थशास्त्रमा प्रमुख अवधारणाहरूमा कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादन (GDP) समावेश छ, जसले देशभित्र उत्पादित सामान र सेवाहरूको कुल मूल्यलाई मापन गर्छ; बेरोजगारी दर, जसले श्रम बलको प्रतिशतलाई मापन गर्छ जुन बेरोजगार र सक्रिय रूपमा काम खोज्दैछ; र मुद्रास्फीति दर, जसले सामान र सेवाहरूको सामान्य मूल्य स्तर कति छिटो बढिरहेको छ भनेर मापन गर्छ। विस्तृतअर्थशास्त्रले सरकारको नीतिहरू, जस्तै कर प्रणाली र सरकारी खर्च, को समग्र अर्थतन्त्रमा हुने प्रभावलाई पनि अध्ययन गर्छ।
**कर प्रणाली**
कर प्रणाली सरकारहरूले सार्वजनिक खर्चका लागि राजस्व उत्पन्न गर्न र समाजभित्र सम्पत्ति पुनर्वितरण गर्न प्रयोग गर्ने महत्वपूर्ण साधन हो। करहरू आय, उपभोग, सम्पत्ति, र अन्य गतिविधिहरूमा लगाउन सकिन्छ। विभिन्न प्रकारका करहरू छन्, जस्तै प्रगतिशील करहरू, जहाँ कर दर आयसँगै बढ्छ; प्रतिगामी करहरू, जहाँ कर दर आयसँगै घट्छ; र समानुपातिक करहरू, जहाँ कर दर आयको कुनै पनि स्तरमा स्थिर रहन्छ।
करहरू सार्वजनिक सामान र सेवाहरू, जस्तै शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य सेवा, पूर्वाधार, र रक्षा, को वित्तपोषणमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छन्। तिनीहरूले आर्थिक व्यवहारलाई प्रभाव पार्छन् किनभने तिनीहरूले काम गर्न, बचत गर्न, लगानी गर्न, र उपभोग गर्न प्रोत्साहनहरूलाई असर गर्छन्। उदाहरणका लागि, चुरोट र मदिरामा उच्च करहरू यी वस्तुहरूको उपभोगलाई घटाउनका लागि हो भने अनुसन्धान र विकासका लागि कर प्रोत्साहनले नवीनतालाई प्रोत्साहन दिन्छ।
**वित्तीय प्रणाली**
वित्तीय प्रणालीमा संस्थाहरू, बजारहरू, र उपकरणहरू समावेश छन् जसले बचतकर्ताहरू र ऋणीहरूबीचको कोष प्रवाहलाई सुगम बनाउँछन्। यसमा बैंकहरू, बीमा कम्पनीहरू, पेन्सन कोषहरू, स्टक एक्सचेन्जहरू, र अन्य वित्तीय मध्यस्थहरू समावेश छन्। वित्तीय प्रणालीका प्राथमिक कार्यहरू स्रोतहरूको प्रभावकारी आवंटन, तरलता प्रदान गर्ने, जोखिम व्यवस्थापनलाई सुगम बनाउने, र आर्थिक वृद्धिलाई समर्थन गर्ने हो।
वित्तीय बजारहरू, जस्तै स्टक र बन्ड बजारहरू, व्यवसायहरूलाई धितोपत्र जारी गरेर पूँजी जुटाउन सक्षम बनाउँछन् र लगानीकर्ताहरूलाई तिनीहरूको लगानीमा प्रतिफल कमाउने अवसरहरू प्रदान गर्छन्। बैंकहरू र अन्य वित्तीय संस्थाहरूले बचतकर्ताहरू र ऋणीहरूबीच मध्यस्थता गर्ने, ऋण, निक्षेप, र भुक्तानी प्रशोधन जस्ता सेवाहरू प्रदान गर्न महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छन्।
**लेखाशास्त्रको आधारभूत अवधारणाहरू**
लेखाशास्त्र लेनदेनहरूको लेखा, सारांश र प्रतिवेदन प्रक्रिया हो जसले निर्णय-प्रक्रियाको लागि उपयोगी जानकारी प्रदान गर्छ। यो "व्यवसायको भाषा" भनिन्छ किनभने यसले संस्थाको वित्तीय स्वास्थ्य र प्रदर्शनलाई संचार गर्छ। लेखाशास्त्रका दुई प्रमुख प्रकारहरू छन्: वित्तीय लेखाशास्त्र र व्यवस्थापकीय लेखाशास्त्र।
वित्तीय लेखाशास्त्रले आय विवरण, ब्यालेन्स शीट, र नगद प्रवाह विवरण जस्ता वित्तीय विवरणहरूको तयारीमा ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्छ, जसले कम्पनीको वित्तीय प्रदर्शन र अवस्थाबारे जानकारी प्रदान गर्छ। यी विवरणहरू बाह्य हितधारकहरू, जस्तै लगानीकर्ताहरू, ऋणदाताहरू, र नियामकहरूद्वारा सूचित निर्णयहरू लिन प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
व्यवस्थापकीय लेखाशास्त्र, अर्कोतर्फ, व्यवस्थापनलाई योजना, नियन्त्रण, र निर्णय-प्रक्रियामा सहयोग पुर्याउन आन्तरिक प्रयोगको लागि जानकारी प्रदान गर्छ। यसमा बजेटिङ, लागत विश्लेषण, प्रदर्शन मूल्यांकन, र अन्य प्रविधिहरू समावेश छन् जसले व्यवस्थापनलाई व्यवसाय प्रभावकारी रुपमा चलाउन मद्दत गर्छ।
**उन्नत लेखाशास्त्र**
उन्नत लेखाशास्त्रले आधारभूत लेखाशास्त्रका सिद्धान्तहरू र अभ्यासहरूलाई अगाडि बढाउँछ र जटिल विषयहरूमा प्रवेश गर्छ। यसमा समेकन र मर्जरहरू, विदेशी मुद्रा लेनदेनहरू, व्युत्पन्न उपकरणहरू, खण्ड प्रतिवेदन, र साझेदारी लेखाशास्त्र समावेश छन्। उन्नत लेखाशास्त्रले विशेष उद्योगहरू, जस्तै गैर-लाभकारी संस्थाहरू, सरकारी इकाईहरू, र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय व्यवसायहरूलाई पनि समेट्छ।
उन्नत लेखाशास्त्रको एक महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्र समेकित वित्तीय विवरणहरूको तयारी हो, जसले मूल कम्पनी र यसको सहायक कम्पनीहरूको वित्तीय जानकारीलाई जोड्छ। यो प्रक्रिया अन्तरकम्पनी लेनदेनहरू र शेषहरूलाई हटाउन समावेश गर्छ ताकि पुरै समूहको वित्तीय स्थिति र प्रदर्शनलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गर्ने एकल सेटको वित्तीय विवरणहरू प्रस्तुत गर्न सकिन्छ।
**कार्यालय व्यवस्थापन**
कार्यालय व्यवस्थापनमा संस्थाको प्रशासनिक गतिविधिहरूको समन्वय र निरीक्षण समावेश हुन्छ ताकि यसको सन्तुलित सञ्चालन सुनिश्चित गर्न सकियोस्। यसमा कार्यालय सामग्रीको व्यवस्थापन, रेकर्डहरूको मर्मत, पत्राचारको ह्यान्डलिङ, र कर्मचारीहरूको निरीक्षण जस्ता कार्यहरू समावेश छन्। प्रभावकारी कार्यालय व्यवस्थापनले संस्थाको दक्षता र उत्पादकत्वमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ।
कार्यालय व्यवस्थापकको प्रमुख जिम्मेवारीहरूमा कार्यालय सञ्चालनको योजना र संगठन, कार्यालय बजेटहरूको व्यवस्थापन, कार्यालय नीति र प्रक्रियाहरूको कार्यान्वयन, र सम्बन्धित नियमहरूको पालना सुनिश्चित गर्नु समावेश छ। कार्यालय व्यवस्थापकहरूले सकारात्मक कार्य वातावरण कायम राख्न, कर्मचारीहरूको चिन्तालाई सम्बोधन गर्न, र संस्थाभित्र प्रभावकारी सञ्चार प्रवर्धन गर्न महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छन्।
अन्तमा, अर्थशास्त्रले स्रोतहरूको आवंटन र निर्णय-प्रक्रियालाई बुझ्नका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने विषयहरूको विस्तृत दायरा समेट्छ। सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्र र व्यापकअर्थशास्त्रले व्यक्तिगत र समग्र व्यवहारमा अन्तर्दृष्टि प्रदान गर्छ, जबकि कर प्रणाली र वित्तीय प्रणालीले अर्थतन्त्रमा सरकार र वित्तीय मध्यस्थहरूको भूमिकालाई उजागर गर्छ। लेखाशास्त
्रका सिद्धान्तहरूले वित्तीय प्रदर्शनको मापन र प्रतिवेदनका उपकरणहरू प्रदान गर्छन्, र कार्यालय व्यवस्थापनले संस्थाको प्रभावकारी सञ्चालन सुनिश्चित गर्छ। यी तत्वहरू मिलेर आर्थिक अध्ययन र अभ्यासको आधार बनाउँछन्।
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यो निबन्ध ६० मिनेट टाइपिङ अभ्यासको लागि उपयुक्त छ, जसले अर्थशास्त्र र यसको विभिन्न शाखाहरूको गहिराइमा जानकारी प्रदान गर्दछ।
Sure, I'll develop an essay that covers the topics of economics, microeconomics, macroeconomics, taxation, the financial system, accounting fundamentals and advanced accounting, and office management. This essay will be approximately 1,200 words, which is suitable for a 60-minute typing practice at 20 words per minute. Here is the essay:
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**Economics and Its Branches**
Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies make choices about ways to use scarce resources to satisfy their needs and wants. It examines how these entities interact and how economies work. Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
**Microeconomics**
Microeconomics focuses on the behavior and decision-making processes of individual units, such as consumers, firms, and industries. It studies how these entities interact in specific markets, the factors that influence their choices, and how these choices affect the supply and demand for goods and services. Microeconomics explores concepts like elasticity, consumer behavior, production and costs, and different market structures, including perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly.
One of the fundamental concepts in microeconomics is the idea of supply and demand. The law of demand states that, all else being equal, as the price of a good or service decreases, the quantity demanded increases, and vice versa. The law of supply states that as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied also increases. The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is known as the equilibrium price, at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
**Macroeconomics**
Macroeconomics, on the other hand, examines the economy as a whole. It focuses on broad aggregates and averages, such as total output, total employment, the overall price level, and the level of inflation. Macroeconomics aims to understand the factors that drive economic growth, the reasons for unemployment, the causes and effects of inflation, and the impact of monetary and fiscal policies.
Key concepts in macroeconomics include gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country; the unemployment rate, which measures the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking work; and the inflation rate, which measures the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising. Macroeconomics also studies the effects of government policies, such as taxation and government spending, on the overall economy.
**Taxation**
Taxation is a crucial tool used by governments to generate revenue for public spending and to redistribute wealth within society. Taxes can be levied on income, consumption, property, and other activities. There are several types of taxes, including progressive taxes, where the tax rate increases as income increases; regressive taxes, where the tax rate decreases as income increases; and proportional taxes, where the tax rate remains constant regardless of income.
Taxes play a vital role in financing public goods and services, such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and defense. They also influence economic behavior by affecting incentives to work, save, invest, and consume. For example, high taxes on cigarettes and alcohol are intended to reduce consumption of these goods, while tax incentives for research and development aim to encourage innovation.
**The Financial System**
The financial system consists of institutions, markets, and instruments that facilitate the flow of funds between savers and borrowers. It includes banks, insurance companies, pension funds, stock exchanges, and other financial intermediaries. The primary functions of the financial system are to allocate resources efficiently, provide liquidity, facilitate risk management, and support economic growth.
Financial markets, such as stock and bond markets, enable businesses to raise capital by issuing securities and provide investors with opportunities to earn returns on their investments. Banks and other financial institutions play a critical role in intermediating between savers and borrowers, offering services like loans, deposits, and payment processing.
**Accounting Fundamentals**
Accounting is the process of recording, summarizing, and reporting financial transactions to provide useful information for decision-making. It is often referred to as the "language of business" because it communicates the financial health and performance of an organization. There are two main types of accounting: financial accounting and managerial accounting.
Financial accounting focuses on the preparation of financial statements, such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, which provide information about a company's financial performance and position. These statements are used by external stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and regulators, to make informed decisions.
Managerial accounting, on the other hand, provides information for internal use by management to assist in planning, controlling, and decision-making. It includes budgeting, cost analysis, performance evaluation, and other techniques that help managers run the business effectively.
**Advanced Accounting**
Advanced accounting builds on the principles and practices of basic accounting and delves into more complex topics. These include consolidations and mergers, foreign currency transactions, derivative instruments, segment reporting, and partnership accounting. Advanced accounting also covers specialized industries, such as not-for-profit organizations, government entities, and international businesses.
One significant area of advanced accounting is the preparation of consolidated financial statements, which combine the financial information of a parent company and its subsidiaries. This process involves eliminating intercompany transactions and balances to present a single set of financial statements that reflect the financial position and performance of the entire group.
**Office Management**
Office management involves coordinating and overseeing the administrative activities of an organization to ensure its smooth operation. It includes tasks such as managing office supplies, maintaining records, handling correspondence, and supervising clerical staff. Effective office management contributes to the efficiency and productivity of an organization.
Key responsibilities of an office manager include planning and organizing office operations, managing office budgets, implementing office policies and procedures, and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations. Office managers also play a crucial role in maintaining a positive work environment, addressing employee concerns, and promoting effective communication within the organization.
In conclusion, economics encompasses a broad range of topics that are essential for understanding how societies allocate resources and make decisions. Microeconomics and macroeconomics provide insights into individual and aggregate behavior, while taxation and the financial system highlight the role of government and financial intermediaries in the economy. Accounting principles, both fundamental and advanced, offer tools for measuring and reporting financial performance, and office management ensures the efficient functioning of organizations. Together, these elements form the foundation of economic study and practice.
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There are strange things done in the midnight sun
By the men who moil for gold;
The Arctic trails have their secret tales
That would make your blood run cold;
The Northern Lights have seen queer sights,
But the queerest they ever did see
Was that night on the marge of Lake Lebarge
I cremated Sam McGee.
Now Sam McGee was from Tennessee, where the cotton blooms and blows.
Why he left his home in the South to roam 'round the Pole, God only knows.
He was always cold, but the land of gold seemed to hold him like a spell;
Though he'd often say in his homely way that "he'd sooner live in hell."
On a Christmas Day we were mushing our way over the Dawson trail.
Talk of your cold! through the parka's fold it stabbed like a driven nail.
If our eyes we'd close, then the lashes froze till sometimes we couldn't see;
It wasn't much fun, but the only one to whimper was Sam McGee.
And that very night, as we lay packed tight in our robes beneath the snow,
And the dogs were fed, and the stars o'erhead were dancing heel and toe,
He turned to me, and "Cap," says he, "I'll cash in this trip, I guess;
And if I do, I'm asking that you won't refuse my last request."
Well, he seemed so low that I couldn't say no; then he says with a sort of moan:
"It's the cursèd cold, and it's got right hold till I'm chilled clean through to the bone.
Yet 'tain't being dead—it's my awful dread of the icy grave that pains;
So I want you to swear that, foul or fair, you'll cremate my last remains."
A pal's last need is a thing to heed, so I swore I would not fail;
And we started on at the streak of dawn; but God! he looked ghastly pale.
He crouched on the sleigh, and he raved all day of his home in Tennessee;
And before nightfall a corpse was all that was left of Sam McGee.
There wasn't a breath in that land of death, and I hurried, horror-driven,
With a corpse half hid that I couldn't get rid, because of a promise given;
It was lashed to the sleigh, and it seemed to say: "You may tax your brawn and brains,
But you promised true, and it's up to you to cremate those last remains."
Now a promise made is a debt unpaid, and the trail has its own stern code.
In the days to come, though my lips were dumb, in my heart how I cursed that load.
In the long, long night, by the lone firelight, while the huskies, round in a ring,
Howled out their woes to the homeless snows— O God! how I loathed the thing.
And every day that quiet clay seemed to heavy and heavier grow;
And on I went, though the dogs were spent and the grub was getting low;
The trail was bad, and I felt half mad, but I swore I would not give in;
And I'd often sing to the hateful thing, and it hearkened with a grin.
Till I came to the marge of Lake Lebarge, and a derelict there lay;
It was jammed in the ice, but I saw in a trice it was called the "Alice May."
And I looked at it, and I thought a bit, and I looked at my frozen chum;
Then "Here," said I, with a sudden cry, "is my cre-ma-tor-eum."
Some planks I tore from the cabin floor, and I lit the boiler fire;
Some coal I found that was lying around, and I heaped the fuel higher;
The flames just soared, and the furnace roared—such a blaze you seldom see;
And I burrowed a hole in the glowing coal, and I stuffed in Sam McGee.
Then I made a hike, for I didn't like to hear him sizzle so;
And the heavens scowled, and the huskies howled, and the wind began to blow.
It was icy cold, but the hot sweat rolled down my cheeks, and I don't know why;
And the greasy smoke in an inky cloak went streaking down the sky.
I do not know how long in the snow I wrestled with grisly fear;
But the stars came out and they danced about ere again I ventured near;
I was sick with dread, but I bravely said: "I'll just take a peep inside.
I guess he's cooked, and it's time I looked"; ... then the door I opened wide.
And there sat Sam, looking cool and calm, in the heart of the furnace roar;
And he wore a smile you could see a mile, and he said: "Please close that door.
It's fine in here, but I greatly fear you'll let in the cold and storm—
Since I left Plumtree, down in Tennessee, it's the first time I've been warm."
There are strange things done in the midnight sun
By the men who moil for gold;
The Arctic trails have their secret tales
That would make your blood run cold;
The Northern Lights have seen queer sights,
But the queerest they ever did see
Was that night on the marge of Lake Lebarge
I cremated Sam McGee.
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31 107 1113 1147 S. 1 119 138 1192a I 184 199 241 249 275 634a 477 I, III 313 I 812 I 1 Var. 2 985 421 138 III 78 I 990 13
ergibt sich aus §§ 814, 815 BGB, dass einem Bereicherungsanspruch nur eine positive Kenntnis des Bereicherungsgläubigers entgegengehalten werden kann, während fahrlässige und auch grob fahrlässige Unkenntnis unerheblich sind.
Entgegen der Ansicht des Berufungsgerichts ist dem Beklagten in entsprechender Anwendung von § 166 Abs. 1 BGB die Kenntnis seiner Ehefrau von der irrigen Vorstellung einer Bestellung auf Seiten der Klägerin zuzurechnen.
Die Rechtsprechung hat der Regelung des § 166 Abs. 1 BGB den allgemeinen Rechtsgedanken entnommen, dass sich - unabhängig von dem Vorliegen eines Vertretungsverhältnisses - derjenige, der einen anderen mit der Erledigung bestimmter Angelegenheiten in eigener Verantwortung betraut, das in diesem Rahmen erlangte Wissen des anderen zurechnen lassen muss
Der Beklagte ist durch die Überweisung auf das gemeinsame Konto, mit der die Klägerin den vermeintlich mit dem Beklagten geschlossenen Darlehensvertrag erfüllen wollte, durch Leistung der Klägerin rechtsgrundlos bereichert worden
Unerheblich ist, ob die damalige Ehefrau des Beklagten mit der Aufnahme des Darlehens unter seinem Namen ihre Befugnisse im Innenverhältnis vorsätzlich überschritten hat.
Die Voraussetzungen für einen Anspruch der Klägerin aus § 812 I 1 Var. 1 BGB in Höhe von 2.434,80 € liegen vor.
Das schließt eine Wissenszurechnung im Verhältnis zum Beklagten nicht aus, weil die Darlehensaufnahme unter dem Namen des Beklagten noch in innerem Zusammenhang mit dem ihr überlassenen Wirkungskreis stand.
Außerdem hat der Beklagte auch nach Aufhebung von § 279 BGB aF ohne Rücksicht auf ein Verschulden für seine finanzielle Leistungsfähigkeit einzustehen
muss sich der Beklagte in entsprechender Anwendung von § 166 I BGB zurechnen lassen, weil er seiner Ehefrau die finanziellen Angelegenheiten der Familie und insbesondere die Verwaltung des gemeinsamen Kontos vollständig überlassen und sich nicht um die Kontobewegungen gekümmert hatte
Diese Wertung kann nicht durch einen Schadensersatzanspruch nach §§ 280 I, 241 II, 311 II BGB wegen unsorgfältiger Prüfung der Identität des Empfängers vor der Leistungserbringung überspielt werden.
