We live in a society of numbers. From the number of a birth certificate to the number of death certificate, numbers play a vital role in the daily life of each of us. Virtually all typed business an personal papers contain figures. Quite often these documents contain some commonly used symbols, also. Therefore, skill in keying on the top row is critical to your future use of the machine.
Data arranged in table form shows a common use of figures and symbols. Although some tables include no figures, the greatest percentage of them do. Just as top skill in the letter keyboard may help you land a well-paid job, expert skill on figure copy may land you a prized data entry job that's even better. Workers in accounting and data processing office must know how to oprate the number row with efficiency.
We live in a society of numbers. From the number of a birth certificate to the number of death certificate, numbers play a vital role in the daily life of each of us. Virtually all typed business an personal papers contain figures. Quite often these documents contain some commonly used symbols, also. Therefore, skill in keying on the top row is critical to your future use of the machine.
Data arranged in table form shows a common use of figures and symbols. Although some tables include no figures, the greatest percentage of them do. Just as top skill in the letter keyboard may help you land a well-paid job, expert skill on figure copy may land you a prized data entry job that's even better. Workers in accounting and data processing office must know how to oprate the number row with efficiency.
Self-Defense: One who is not the aggressor in an encounter is justified in using reasonable force against his adversary when be reasonably believes that (1) he is in immediate danger of unlawful bodily harm from his adversary; and (2) the use of force is necessary to avoid that danger.
Under common law, an actor is permitted to use non-deadly force is self-defense if they reasonably believe that the other is about to inflict unlawful bodily harm upon them AND believes it is necessary to use such force to prevent the harm from being inflicted.
MPC 3.04(1): Use of Force Justifiable for Protection of the Person. The use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion.
Under common law, an actor is permitted to use deadly force if they reasonably believe that the other is about to inflict death or serious bodily harm upon them AND believes it is necessary to use such force to prevent the harm from being inflicted.
The use of deadly force is not justifiable under the MPC unless the actor believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping or sexual intercourse compelled by force or threat.
Reasonable Belief: The defendant must have an actual belief that he faces danger of harm and that belief must be reasonable in light of the defendant's circumstances.
A person who is the initial aggressor generally cannot use force in self-defense except (1) a non-deadly aggressor who is met with deadly force may justifiably defendant himself; (2) an aggressor who has withdrawn from further contact with the victim has a right of self-defense. The withdrawal must be clear and sincere.
Duty-to-Retreat Jurisdiction: Requires an actor to retreat if reasonably safe to do so before using deadly force in self defense. These jurisdictions usually recognize the Castle Doctrine--no duty to retreat in your own home or workplace unless the attacker is a cohabitant or coworker.
No-Duty-to-Retreat Jurisdiction: Do not require an actor to retreat before using deadly force.
Stand-Your-Ground Doctrine: Can be found in duty-to-retreat and no-duty-to-retreat jurisdictions. Creates a presumption that a person was justified in using deadly force if the actor used deadly force against an attack in the actor's own home.
Imperfect Self-Defense: When an actor uses deadly force, resulting in death, based on an honest but unreasonable belief that they must have used that force to defend themselves from an imminent attack, some jurisdictions reduce the grade of charge from murder to manslaughter.
General rule, an actor may not use force to defend themselves against the police, even if the police are using unlawful force on the actor. The exception, if the police are using excessive force, an actor has a right to use reasonable force to defend themselves from that excessive force. Limitations: (1) the actor cannot use greater force to protect themselves than reasonably necessary; (2) if the actor knows that the police will cease their use of excessive force upon the actor if the actor submits to arrest, they must submit to arrest.
Under the MPC, an actor is permitted to use force upon another for the protection of a third person when (1) the actor would be justified to protect himself against the injury that he believes is threatened to the third person, (2) the third person would be justified in using force against the attacker, (3) the actor believes that the intervention is necessary for the protection of the third person.
Isabella steered her kingdom on the only course that would bring her safely through. She would not allow herself to lose her head through loyalty to a duke or a king. Nor would she try to stop the conflict that raged around her that would only drag her into it. And in any case the conflict that raged around her that would only drag her into it. And in any case the conflict was to her advantage. If the various parties were fighting to the death, and exhausting themselves in the process, they were in no position to gobble up Mantua. The source of Isabell's power was her clever ability to seem interested in the affairs and interest of each side, while actually committing to no one but herself and her kingdom.
Interpretation
Isabella d'Este understood Italy's political situation with amazing clarity: Once you took the side of any of the forces in the field, you were doomed. The powerful would take you over, the weak would wear you down. Any new alliance would lead to a new enemy, and as this cycle stirred up more conflict, other forces would be dragged in, until you could no longer extricate yourself. Eventually you would collapse from exhaustion.
A great deal changed in Italy during Isabell's reign: Popes came and went, Cesare Borgia rose and then fell, Venice lost its empire, Milan was invaded, Florence fell into decline, and Rome was sacked by the Hapsburg Emperor Charles V. Through all this, tiny Mantua not only survived but thrived, its court the envy of Italy. Its wealth and sovereignty would remain intact for a century after Isabell's death, in 1539.
In 1513, after a lengthy siege, Julius defeated Ferrara, and the French troops withdrew. Worn out by the effort, the pope died a few months later. With his death, the nightmarish cycle of battles and petty squabbles began to repeat itself.
In 1503 Cesare's father, Alexander, died, and a few years later the new pope, Julius II, went to war to drive the French troops from Italy. When the ruler of Ferrara Alfonso, Isabell's brother sided with the French, Julius decided to attack and humble him. Once again Isabella found herself in the middle: the pope on one side, the French and her brother on the other. She dared not ally herself with either, but to offend either would be equally disastrous. Again she played the double game at which she had become so expert. On the one hand she got her husband Gonzaga to fight for the pope, knowing he would not fight very hard. On the other she let French troops pass through Mantua to come to Ferrara's aid. While she publicly complained that the French had "invaded" her territory, she privately supplied them with valuable information. To make the invasion plausible to Julius, she even had the French pretend to plunder Mantua. It worked once again: The pope left Mantua alone.
As one danger receded, however, another, more worrying one arose, this time from the south, in the form of Cesare Borgia. Starting in 1500, Borgia had marched steadily northward, gobbling up all the small kingdoms in his path in the name of his father, Pope Alexander. Isabella understood Cesare perfectly: He could be neither trusted nor in any way offended. He had to be cajoled and kept at arm's length. Isabella began by sending him gifts falcons, prize dogs, perfumes, and dozens of masks, which she knew he always wore when he walked the streets of Rome. She sent messengers with flattering greetings (although these messengers also acted as her spies). At one point Cesare asked if he could house some troops in Mantua; Isabella managed to dissuade him politely, knowing full well that once the troops were quartered in the city, they would never leave.
Even while Isabella was charming Cesare, she convinced everyone around her to take care never to utter a harsh word about him, since he had spies everywhere and would use the slightest pretext for invasion. When Isabella had a child, she asked Cesare to be the godfather. She even dangled in front of him the possibility of a marriage between her family and his. Somehow it all worked, for although elsewhere he seized everything in his path, he spared Mantua.
In 1500 Louis invited Isabella to a great party in Milan to celebrate his victory. Leonardo da Vinci built an enormous mechanical lion for the affair: When the lion opened its mouth, it spewed fresh lilies, the symbols of French royalty. At the party Isabella wore one of her celebrated dresses (she had by far the largest wardrobe of any of the Italian princesses), and just as he had hoped, she charmed and captivated Louis, who ignored all the other ladies vying for his attention. She soon became his constant companion, and in exchange for her friendship he pledged to protect Mantua's independence from Venice.
Isabella now faced a dilemma: If she stayed loyal to Lodovico, the French would now move against her. But if, instead, she allied herself with France, she would make enemies elsewhere in Italy, compromising Mantua once Louis eventually withdrew. And if she looked to Venice or Rome for help, they would simply swallow up Mantua under the cloak of coming to her aid. Yet she had to do something. The mighty king of France was breathing down her neck: She decided to befriend him, as she had befriended Lodovico Sforza before him with alluring gifts, witty, intelligent letters, and the possibility of her company, for Isabella was famous as a woman of incomparable beauty and charm.
Isabell's first true test as ruler came in 1498, when King Louis XII of France was preparing armies to attack Milan. In their usual perfidious fashion, the Italian states immediately looked for ways to profit from Milan's difficulties. Pope Alexander VI promised not to intervene, thereby giving the French carte blanche. The Venetians signaled that they would not help Milan, either and in exchange for this, they hoped the French would give them Mantua. The ruler of Milan, Lodovico Sforza, suddenly found himself alone and abandoned. He turned to Isabella d'Este, one of his closest friends (also rumored to be his lover), and begged her to persuade Duke Gonzaga to come to his aid. Isabella tried, but her husband balked, for he saw Sforza's cause as hopeless. And so, in 1499, Louis swooped down on Milan and took it with ease.
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1.1.1 Background
Territories north of Boundary Street were added to the British administration in 1898, ie, the New Territories. Expansion of British Colonial Territory
Trade and education gave rise to the emergence of a minority group of Chinese elites and merchants, who were influential in society. The Rise of Chinese Elites
1.1.2 Major Changes
Rising Political Role of Chinese Elites and Associations
• Appointing Chinese elites into government, for example, appointing Chow Shouson as an unofficial member of the Executive Council in 1926
Establishment of the Heung Yee
Kuk, 1926
Setting up of the Urban Council, 1936
Consulting major Chinese associations such as the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, on policies concerning local affairs
Founded by Governor Clementi
Recruiting regional leaders of the New Territories as members
Being a consultative body on the matters of the New Territories
Transforming from the Sanitary Board
• Responsible for municipal hygiene
• Having two members elected, in which one of them was local Chinese
• Being the first representative body of government
I believe that taking risks is essential for personal growth. It's like learning to ride a bike - you'll fall, but each attempt makes you stronger.
Recently, I took a major risk by switching from chemistry to computer science. As a chemist, I was comfortable in the lab analyzing materials. However, my passion for building useful software drove me to make this leap.
My first failure came when building a website for student grade management. I knew Python from data analysis, but web development was different. My code worked on my computer but crashed when other students tried to use it. I had made a classic beginner mistake - I didn't handle different screen sizes or test for poor internet connections. Students couldn't see their grades properly on phones, and the system would freeze when multiple people logged in.
This failure taught me three important lessons:
1. Start small - I should have first built a simple version that worked well
2. Test thoroughly - I now test my projects on different devices before sharing
3. Learn from experienced developers - I joined coding communities online to get feedback
Like a scientist doing experiments, each 'failed' attempt gave me data to improve. I rebuilt the website step by step, made it mobile-friendly, and added loading screens for slow connections. It now works smoothly for all students.
This experience showed me that changing careers isn't about avoiding failures - it's about learning from them. Each problem I solve makes me a better developer, just like each experiment made me a better chemist.
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De eerste laag van het OSI-model is de fysieke laag. Deze laag is verantwoordelijk voor de daadwerkelijke overdracht van gegevens tussen apparaten. Het gaat hier om het doorgeven van ruwe data, de zogenaamde bits, via fysieke verbindingen zoals kabels, glasvezel of draadloze signalen. Op deze laag wordt er niet gekeken naar de betekenis van de data; het gaat puur om het doorsturen van elektrische signalen, lichtgolven of radiogolven die de bits representeren. De fysieke laag omvat dus alle hardwarecomponenten die betrokken zijn bij de transmissie, zoals netwerkkaarten, modems en bekabeling. Ook de specificaties voor het fysieke medium zelf, zoals de maximale kabellengte en het type connectoren, vallen onder de fysieke laag.
De tweede laag van het OSI-model is de datalinklaag. Deze laag zorgt ervoor dat de data correct en foutloos van het ene apparaat naar het andere apparaat wordt gestuurd binnen hetzelfde netwerk. Om dit te bereiken, verpakt de datalinklaag de bits die de fysieke laag verzendt in zogenoemde frames, waardoor ze gemakkelijker te beheren en te controleren zijn. Binnen deze frames worden er ook MAC-adressen toegevoegd die unieke identificaties geven aan de apparaten die met elkaar communiceren. Hierdoor weet de ontvanger precies waar de data vandaan komt en waar het naartoe moet binnen een lokaal netwerk. Verder helpt de datalinklaag om fouten te detecteren en te corrigeren die kunnen ontstaan tijdens de transmissie van data. Een apparaat dat op deze laag functioneert, zoals een switch, stuurt gegevens alleen door naar het apparaat dat bedoeld is als ontvanger, waardoor het verkeer efficiënt en veilig blijft.
De derde laag is de netwerklaag en deze is essentieel voor de communicatie tussen verschillende netwerken. De netwerklaag regelt de routering van data, wat betekent dat het pakketten van de ene locatie naar de andere stuurt, ongeacht of deze locaties zich binnen hetzelfde netwerk bevinden of niet. Op deze laag wordt gebruik gemaakt van IP-adressen, die ervoor zorgen dat elk apparaat op het netwerk geïdentificeerd kan worden en dat data naar de juiste bestemming wordt gestuurd, zelfs als het pakket door meerdere netwerken moet reizen om daar te komen. De netwerklaag maakt het mogelijk om verbindingen te maken met apparaten op verschillende locaties, of dat nu binnen hetzelfde gebouw of wereldwijd is. Een belangrijk apparaat op deze laag is de router, die bepaalt welke weg de data moet afleggen en ervoor zorgt dat het pakket langs de efficiëntste route naar de eindbestemming gaat.
De vierde laag van het OSI-model is de transportlaag. Deze laag is verantwoordelijk voor een betrouwbare en efficiënte communicatie tussen twee systemen, zoals computers of servers, die met elkaar willen communiceren. De transportlaag zorgt ervoor dat de data in kleinere segmenten wordt opgedeeld, zodat het gemakkelijker kan worden verzonden en ontvangen. Daarnaast biedt deze laag foutcontrole en flowcontrole, wat betekent dat de integriteit van de data wordt gecontroleerd en dat er een mechanisme is om ervoor te zorgen dat de data in het juiste tempo wordt verstuurd. Bij het gebruik van het Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) bijvoorbeeld, ontvangt de verzender een bevestiging van de ontvanger dat de data correct is ontvangen. Dit maakt de transportlaag betrouwbaar en veilig, vooral wanneer het belangrijk is dat alle data zonder fouten aankomt.
De vijfde laag van het OSI-model is de sessielaag. Deze laag beheert en onderhoudt de verbindingen, of sessies, tussen applicaties op verschillende apparaten. De sessielaag zorgt ervoor dat de communicatie tussen twee toepassingen goed gesynchroniseerd blijft, zelfs wanneer er sprake is van onderbrekingen. Het herstelt de sessie waar deze is gestopt, mocht er een fout optreden, en voorkomt dat data opnieuw wordt verzonden of verloren gaat. Deze laag speelt een cruciale rol in toepassingen zoals videovergaderingen of bestandsdeling, waar een gestage, stabiele verbinding essentieel is voor een goede gebruikerservaring. De sessielaag zorgt ervoor dat beide partijen in een sessie elkaar kunnen volgen en synchroniseert de data-uitwisseling, zodat de communicatie nauwkeurig en efficiënt verloopt.
De zesde laag is de presentatielaag, en deze is verantwoordelijk voor het voorbereiden van data zodat deze kan worden begrepen door de applicaties en gebruikers. Deze laag zet data om in een formaat dat geschikt is voor de ontvangende applicatie, zodat die data op de juiste manier kan worden weergegeven. Een goed voorbeeld hiervan is de omzetting van tekst naar ASCII-codes of het omzetten van grafische bestanden naar een bitmap. Daarnaast biedt de presentatielaag encryptie en compressie aan, wat extra beveiliging en efficiëntie toevoegt aan de gegevensoverdracht. Encryptie zorgt ervoor dat gegevens alleen leesbaar zijn voor de ontvanger die de juiste sleutel heeft, terwijl compressie de omvang van de data vermindert, wat helpt om de snelheid van de communicatie te verbeteren.
De zevende en laatste laag van het OSI-model is de applicatielaag. Dit is de laag die het dichtst bij de eindgebruiker staat en direct interactie heeft met de applicaties die we dagelijks gebruiken, zoals e-mail, webbrowsers en bestanden die we uitwisselen. De applicatielaag biedt protocollen die specifieke diensten aan applicaties en gebruikers leveren, zoals HTTP voor webpagina’s, FTP voor het overdragen van bestanden, en SMTP voor het versturen van e-mails. Deze laag biedt een interface tussen de gebruiker en het netwerk, en zorgt ervoor dat de data in een format wordt geleverd dat begrijpelijk is voor de gebruiker en de applicatie.
Copernicus 1543 suggest 1543 Earth 1543 Earth 1543 said Copernicus fear
Gonzaga was a fierce warrior and a skilled commander of troops, and he became a kind of mercenary general for whatever side paid him best. In the year 1490, he married Isabella d'Este, daughter of the ruler of another small Italian duchy, Ferrara. Since he now spent most of his time away from Mantua, it fell to Isabella to rule in his stead.
