Angajamentul legal prin care se angajeaza cheltuielile aferente achizitiei directe poate lua forma unui contract de achizitie publica sau a unei comenzi ori a altui tip de document incheiat in conditiile legii, inclusiv in cazul achizitiilor initiate prin intermediul instrumentelor de plata ce permit posesorului sa le
utilizeze in relatia cu comerciantii in vederea efectuarii de plati, fara numerar, pentru achizitionarea de produse, servicii si/sau lucrari prin intermediul unui terminal, cum ar fi, dar fara a se limita la acestea, cardurile de plata si/sau portofele electronice.
In an age of fierce competition among computer companies for consumer dollars, a company's success often comes down to how well they treat their clients. Creating a great product and getting it into the hands of clients is only one part of the picture. A real measure of a company is how well they take care of the client after the product is purchased. If something were to go wrong with that product, to where should the consumer turn? While client service methods vary between companies, a successful company answers this question by creating a technical support team. Over a number of years, technical support has grown with the business community, becoming the backbone of many companies. With the advent of the internet, good, fast technical support has become a necessity. To that end, clients are often able to contact live online help twenty-four hours a day to get answers online at the Frequently Asked Questions resource page found on many companies' websites. By treating the client well, asking the right questions, and solving problems for the client, the technician is the first line of defense against an unhappy client. Without these devoted men and women, it would be hard to give clients the attention they need and the care they deserve. Investing in a good support team will enrich your relationships with your clients as well as provide you with a resource for product upgrades, placing your company head and shoulders above the rest.
his is a challenging and sensitive situation. Tom feels like he must choose between his career and spending time with his partner and newborn child. First, I would like to know the company’s policy regarding paternity leave, so I would consult Human Resources (HR) and I would encourage Tom to speak with both HR and his boss to understand their perspective on paternity leave. I would also have a private and non-judgmental conversation with Tom, to discuss his priorities. Does he prioritize spending time with his family, or does he prioritize his career in terms of a speedy trajectory to promotion? If he feels strongly about spending time with his partner and newborn, I would encourage him to spend time with his family. If he feels that prioritizing his career for the best interest of providing for his family and that sacrificing spending time with his wife and newborn is acceptable, then I would support his decision. Ultimately, the one with the most insight would be Tom and I would help guide his decision. Information collected about the company would help inform Tom of the potential consequences of taking paternity leave based on whether the company is supportive or unsupportive of it. That said, I would encourage Tom not to rely on hearsay regarding his other colleague’s supposed punishment for taking paternity leave.
Respect appropriate boundaries. Avoid taking sides or assigning blame during conflict. Seeking guidance from a third-party perspective. Disagreements are natural and can arise from genuine concerns about patient care. It is essential to recognize that every member brings something unique to the table, and by valuing these differences, teams can achieve unparalleled success. Creating a safe space for employees. Workshops I would avoid making any unilateral conclusions Broader implications. Calmly and firmly state my concerns. Robust system of checks and balances. Set clear ground rules. Creating a culture of learning rather than placing blame. They are not mutually exclusive and can co-exist harmoniously. Skills Tested: Collaboration, Communication, Empathy, Equity, Ethics, Motivation, Problem Solving, Professionalism, Resilience and Self-Awareness.
Open-ended question, set up a safe space. Point towards resources. Must thoroughly consider the ramifications of your actions. This is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. On one hand and on the other hand. Maintain integrity. This must be approached with an abundance of caution. Negotiate overlapping responsibilities. Make sure each team member feels heard and respected. Resolve conflicts to maintain a positive team culture. Notice body language. Remain calm in emotionally charged conversations and topics. Recognize the person’s circumstances. Seek understanding and to understand the problem at hand.
What Raters Look For? Effort, Empathy, Equity, Communication, and Familiarity with the medium 4 pillars Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice Buzz Words/Phrases: delicate and sensitive manner,Collaborate with others, transparency open communication, Important role of feedback mechanisms such as forums or regular meetings/reports. Greater good of the team. Prioritize collective goals. Ability to see the bigger picture "leveraging external expert opinions." Seeking diverse viewpoints. Significance of adaptability. Proactive planning. reactive problem-solving. Empathy, understanding. Set clear expectations and boundaries. “Implications of my choices “pros and cons list" costs and benefits “middle ground”
Don’t be a detective to see if someone is telling the truth or not. Be presentable, Learn to touch type (no looking at keyboard). Policy questions: be sure to talk about both sides of the issue and give pros and cons to each. Heated conversation in a study group about Sarah’s poor contribution to the project. acknowledge the validity of everyone’s concerns, speak privately with Sarah to inquire more about what is going on in her life that is causing her stress, it’s important to not make assumptions, important to gather more information in a delicate and sensitive manner, important not to agree with either side until more info is gathered, do not want to jump to conclusions.
Practice using if/then conditional statements. Record yourself and review it back – photobooth on the mac. Focus on enunciating and warm up your mouth and face. Practice typing speed. Allowed one piece of blank paper. Utilize youtube scenarios. Create comprehensive scenario document. Say you want to gather more information for the scenario. Address the issue from both sides / alternatives to a conflict or story, Explain your reasoning behind answers, Show don’t tell empathy, If stuck on a question you can say you’re going to reach out to others to collaborate and gain more information. Make eye contact with the camera. Practice typing speed. Turn on the closed captions, Jot down people’s names on the scratch paper and what they think and their perspective underneath. Rehearse the first line in the video response so you can leave a good first impression. Zoom out so you can ensure you see the question without scrolling. Don’t be a detective to see if someone is telling the truth or not. Be presentable, Learn to touch type (no looking at keyboard). Policy questions: be sure to talk about both sides of the issue and give pros and cons to each. Heated conversation in a study group about Sarah’s poor contribution to the project. acknowledge the validity of everyone’s concerns, speak privately with Sarah to inquire more about what is going on in her life that is causing her stress, it’s important to not make assumptions, important to gather more information in a delicate and sensitive manner, important not to agree with either side until more info is gathered, do not want to jump to conclusions.
This photo portrays a young female waitress smiling, standing, and serving her customer. She is wearing a blue and white uniform. The customer appears to be ordering their food for lunch.
Practice using if/then conditional statements. Record yourself and review it back – photobooth on the mac. Focus on enunciating and warm up your mouth and face. Practice typing speed. Allowed one piece of blank paper. Utilize youtube scenarios. Create comprehensive scenario document. Say you want to gather more information for the scenario Address the issue from both sides / alternatives to a conflict or story, Explain your reasoning behind answers, Show don’t tell empathy, If stuck on a question you can say you’re going to reach out to others to collaborate and gain more information. Make eye contact with the camera. Practice typing speed. Turn on the closed captions, Jot down people’s names on the scratch paper and what they think and their perspective underneath Rehearse the first line in the video response so you can leave a good first impression Zoom out so you can ensure you see the question without scrolling. Don’t be a detective to see if someone is telling the truth or not. Be presentable, Learn to touch type (no looking at keyboard). Policy questions: be sure to talk about both sides of the issue and give pros and cons to each. Heated conversation in a study group about Sarah’s poor contribution to the project. acknowledge the validity of everyone’s concerns, speak privately with Sarah to inquire more about what is going on in her life that is causing her stress, it’s important to not make assumptions, important to gather more information in a delicate and sensitive manner, important not to agree with either side until more info is gathered, do not want to jump to conclusions. What Raters Look For? Effort, Empathy, Equity Communication, and Familiarity with the medium 4 pillars Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice Buzz Words/Phrases: delicate and sensitive manner,Collaborate with others, transparency open communication, Important role of feedback mechanisms such as forums or regular meetings/reports. Greater good of the team. Prioritize collective goals. Ability to see the bigger picture "leveraging external expert opinions." Seeking diverse viewpoints. Significance of adaptability. Proactive planning reactive problem-solving. Empathy, understanding. Set clear expectations and boundaries. “Implications of my choices “pros and cons list" costs and benefits “middle ground” Open-ended question, set up a safe space. Point towards resources. Must thoroughly consider the ramifications of your actions. This is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. On one hand and on the other hand. Maintain integrity. This must be approached with an abundance of caution. Negotiate overlapping responsibilities. Make sure each team member feels heard and respected. Resolve conflicts to maintain a positive team culture. Notice body language. Remain calm in emotionally charged conversations and topics. Recognize the person’s circumstances. Seek understanding and to understand the problem at hand. Respect appropriate boundaries. Avoid taking sides or assigning blame during conflict. Seeking guidance from a third-party perspective. Disagreements are natural and can arise from genuine concerns about patient care. It is essential to recognize that every member brings something unique to the table, and by valuing these differences, teams can achieve unparalleled success. Creating a safe space for employees. Workshops I would avoid making any unilateral conclusions Broader implications. Calmly and firmly state my concerns. Robust system of checks and balances. Set clear ground rules. Creating a culture of learning rather than placing blame. They are not mutually exclusive and can co-exist harmoniously. Skills Tested: Collaboration, Communication, Empathy, Equity, Ethics, Motivation, Problem Solving, Professionalism, Resilience and Self-Awareness.
Coffee is a multi-dollar industry that shows signs of continued grwoth. In the United States alone, hundreds of millions of people drink coffee on a regular basis it can be to start their day, a midday boost to get theem through the remaining hoours of their day, or even a comfort drink. Whatever the reason may be, there are millions of poeple nationwide who have trouble functioning without the caffeine spike that coffee offers.
The elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a product to changes in its price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
Goods can be classified as elastic or inelastic based on their price elasticity:
Elastic goods are those where the percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price. This means demand is highly responsive to price changes.
Inelastic goods are those where the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price. This means demand is not very responsive to price changes.
The key factors that influence a product's price elasticity include the availability of substitutes, the urgency of the purchase, and the duration of the price change.
Understanding a product's price elasticity is crucial for businesses when making pricing decisions. For elastic goods, even small price changes can significantly impact demand and revenue. Businesses may need to carefully adjust prices to maximize profits.
For inelastic goods, demand is less sensitive to price, so businesses have more flexibility to raise prices without drastically reducing sales volume. This can be useful for generating revenue, especially for necessities with few substitutes.
By analyzing the price elasticity of demand, businesses can make informed decisions about pricing strategies, production planning, and other key operations to optimize profitability.
A AAL AAP AAPL ABBV ABC ABMD ABT ACN ADBE ADI ADM ADP ADSK AEE AEP AES AFL AIG AIZ AJG AKAM ALB ALGN ALK ALL ALLE ALXN AMAT AMCR AMD AME AMGN AMP AMT AMZN ANET ANSS ANTM AON AOS APA APD APH APTV ARE ATO ATVI AVB AVGO AVY AWK AXP AZO BA BAC BAX BBY BDX BEN BF/B BIIB BIO BK BKNG BKR BLK BLL BMY BR BRK/B BSX BWA BXP C CAG CAH CARR CAT CB CBOE CBRE CCI CCL CDNS CDW CE CERN CF CFG CHD CHRW CHTR CI CINF CL CLX CMA CMCSA CME CMG CMI CMS CNC CNP COF COG COO COP COST CPB CPRT CRL CRM CSCO CSX CTAS CTLT CTSH CTVA CTXS CVS CVX CZR D DAL DD DE DFS DG DGX DHI DHR DIS DISCA DISCK DISH DLR DLTR DOV DOW DPZ DRE DRI DTE DUK DVA DVN DXC DXCM EA EBAY ECL ED EFX EIX EL EMN EMR ENPH EOG EQIX EQR ES ESS ETN ETR ETSY EVRG EW EXC EXPD EXPE EXR F FANG FAST FB FBHS FCX FDX FE FFIV FIS FISV FITB FLT FMC FOX FOXA FRC FRT FTNT FTV GD GE GILD GIS GL GLW GM GNRC GOOG GOOGL GPC GPN GPS GRMN GS GWW HAL HAS HBAN HBI HCA HD HES HIG HII HLT HOLX HON HPE HPQ HRL HSIC HST HSY HUM HWM IBM ICE IDXX IEX IFF ILMN INCY INFO INTC INTU IP IPG IPGP IQV IR IRM ISRG IT ITW IVZ J JBHT JCI JKHY JNJ JNPR JPM K KEY KEYS KHC KIM KLAC KMB KMI KMX KO KR KSU L LB LDOS LEG LEN LH LHX LIN LKQ LLY LMT LNC LNT LOW LRCX LUMN LUV LVS LW LYB LYV MA MAA MAR MAS MCD MCHP MCK MCO MDLZ MDT MET MGM MHK MKC MKTX MLM MMC MMM MNST MO MOS MPC MPWR MRK MRO MS MSCI MSFT MSI MTB MTD MU MXIM NCLH NDAQ NEE NEM NFLX NI NKE NLOK NLSN NOC NOV NOW NRG NSC NTAP NTRS NUE NVDA NVR NWL NWS NWSA NXPI O ODFL OGN OKE OMC ORCL ORLY OTIS OXY PAYC PAYX PCAR PEAK PEG PENN PEP PFE PFG PG PGR PH PHM PKG PKI PLD PM PNC PNR PNW POOL PPG PPL PRGO PRU PSA PSX PTC PVH PWR PXD PYPL QCOM QRVO RCL RE REG REGN RF RHI RJF RL RMD ROK ROL ROP ROST RSG RTX SBAC SBUX SCHW SEE SHW SIVB SJM SLB SNA SNPS SO SPG SPGI SRE STE STT STX STZ SWK SWKS SYF SYK SYY T TAP TDG TDY TEL TER TFC TFX TGT TJX TMO TMUS TPR TRMB TROW TRV TSCO TSLA TSN TT TTWO TWTR TXN TXT TYL UA UAA UAL UDR UHS ULTA UNH UNM UNP UPS URI USB V VFC VIAC VLO VMC VNO VRSK VRSN VRTX VTR VTRS VZ WAB WAT WBA WDC WEC WELL WFC WHR WLTW WM WMB WMT WRB WRK WST WU WY WYNN XEL XLNX XOM XRAY XYL YUM ZBH ZBRA ZION ZTS
### Global Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to assess the social and economic development levels of countries. It combines three dimensions: life expectancy at birth (health), mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling (education), and Gross National Income per capita (standard of living). Trends in HDI reveal disparities in development across regions, with Scandinavian countries typically ranking high due to robust social policies, while many African nations lag due to economic and political instability.
### Trends in Human Development
Human development trends indicate that despite overall global progress, significant inequalities persist. While countries like Norway and Switzerland have consistently high HDI scores, sub-Saharan African countries face challenges due to health crises, poor education systems, and economic volatility. Emerging economies like India and China have shown marked improvements in HDI due to economic reforms and investments in health and education.
### Key Economic Indicators
Key economic indicators crucial for assessing development include GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and balance of trade. These indicators provide insight into a country's economic health and stability. For instance, India's GDP growth rate has been a critical measure of its rapid economic expansion, while the unemployment rate remains a concern for policymakers aiming for inclusive growth.
### Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability is measured through indicators such as carbon emissions per capita, deforestation rates, and renewable energy consumption. Countries are increasingly focusing on sustainable practices due to the adverse impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement is a significant global initiative aimed at reducing carbon footprints and promoting sustainable development practices.
### Social Inclusion and Equality
Social inclusion and equality are fundamental for holistic development. Indicators such as the Gini coefficient (measuring income inequality), gender equality indices, and access to essential services (health, education, sanitation) are vital. Nordic countries are often cited as models for social inclusion due to their comprehensive welfare systems and low levels of inequality.
### Economic Growth Analysis
Economic growth analysis involves evaluating GDP trends, sectoral contributions to the economy, and factors driving growth. For instance, India's growth has been driven by the service sector, while China's growth has been largely manufacturing-based. Analyzing these patterns helps in understanding the underlying drivers of economic performance and potential vulnerabilities.
### Policy Recommendations
Policy recommendations for enhancing human development typically focus on education, healthcare, and economic reforms. In India, policies such as the National Education Policy 2020 aim to revamp the education system to improve quality and accessibility. Similarly, healthcare reforms are crucial for improving life expectancy and quality of life, particularly in rural areas.
### Global Health and Education Metrics
Global health and education metrics include life expectancy, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and school enrollment rates. These metrics help in comparing countries and identifying areas needing intervention. For example, while India has made strides in increasing literacy rates, challenges remain in improving health outcomes, particularly maternal and child health.
### Technological Advancements
Technological advancements are pivotal for human development. The adoption of digital technologies in education, healthcare, and governance has transformative potential. For instance, India's Digital India initiative aims to bridge the digital divide and enhance service delivery. Technological innovations also play a critical role in sustainable development, such as renewable energy technologies.
### Case Studies on Development
Case studies on development offer insights into successful strategies and challenges. For example, Bangladesh's progress in improving health outcomes through community health programs provides a model for other developing countries. Similarly, Brazil's Bolsa Família program is often studied for its impact on reducing poverty and inequality.
### Essays on Human Development Challenges
Essays on human development challenges discuss issues such as poverty, inequality, health crises, and environmental degradation. These essays should analyze root causes, impacts, and potential solutions. For instance, addressing poverty requires multifaceted approaches including economic reforms, social protection measures, and investments in education and healthcare.
### Analytical Writing on Policy Impact
Analytical writing on policy impact involves evaluating the effectiveness of specific policies. For example, an analysis of India's Right to Education Act can assess its impact on school enrollment and quality of education. Such writing should consider both quantitative data and qualitative insights to provide a comprehensive evaluation.
### Critical Review of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
A critical review of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) involves examining progress towards the 17 goals set by the United Nations. This includes analyzing data, identifying gaps, and suggesting measures to accelerate progress. For instance, while progress has been made in reducing extreme poverty (SDG 1), challenges remain in achieving gender equality (SDG 5) and climate action (SDG 13).
### Comparative Studies of Countries
Comparative studies of countries highlight differences in development strategies and outcomes. Comparing countries like India and China can reveal how different political and economic models impact development. Such studies should consider historical contexts, policy frameworks, and socio-economic conditions to provide nuanced insights.
This compilation of specific information from an exam perspective provides a comprehensive understanding of human development and related topics, integrating current affairs, statistics, and policy analysis to enhance the uniqueness of the content.
As mentioned above, I can understand where the two male students’ frustrations are stemming from. Their feelings need to be validated, but as stated above, both the perspectives of Sarah and the male students needs to be explored and shared with each other. If Sarah has indeed not been preparing for the sessions, and this was not due to extenuating circumstances, then I would agree with the two male students’ feelings, because everyone needs to contribute equally. However, it is important to obtain Sarah’s perspective and to help her overcome barriers which are hindering her contribution.
To change a U.S. unit of measures to a metric unit of measure takes practice and knowledge. To change back and forth, a table of metric measure, and U.S. units of measures is great to have. For instance 1,mile is equal to metric measurement of 1.6 kilometers. One yard is about the same as a metric measure of 0.9 meters. One can change a larger metric unit to a smaller one by moving the decimal point one place to the right.
A AAL AAP AAPL ABBV ABC ABMD ABT ACN ADBE ADI ADM ADP ADSK AEE AEP AES AFL AIG AIZ AJG AKAM ALB ALGN ALK ALL ALLE ALXN AMAT AMCR AMD AME AMGN AMP AMT AMZN ANET ANSS ANTM AON AOS APA APD APH APTV ARE ATO ATVI AVB AVGO AVY AWK AXP AZO BA BAC BAX BBY BDX BEN BF/B BIIB BIO BK BKNG BKR BLK BLL BMY BR BRK/B BSX BWA BXP C CAG CAH CARR CAT CB CBOE CBRE CCI CCL CDNS CDW CE CERN CF CFG CHD CHRW CHTR CI CINF CL CLX CMA CMCSA CME CMG CMI CMS CNC CNP COF COG COO COP COST CPB CPRT CRL CRM CSCO CSX CTAS CTLT CTSH CTVA CTXS CVS CVX CZR D DAL DD DE DFS DG DGX DHI DHR DIS DISCA DISCK DISH DLR DLTR DOV DOW DPZ DRE DRI DTE DUK DVA DVN DXC DXCM EA EBAY ECL ED EFX EIX EL EMN EMR ENPH EOG EQIX EQR ES ESS ETN ETR ETSY EVRG EW EXC EXPD EXPE EXR F FANG FAST FB FBHS FCX FDX FE FFIV FIS FISV FITB FLT FMC FOX FOXA FRC FRT FTNT FTV GD GE GILD GIS GL GLW GM GNRC GOOG GOOGL GPC GPN GPS GRMN GS GWW HAL HAS HBAN HBI HCA HD HES HIG HII HLT HOLX HON HPE HPQ HRL HSIC HST HSY HUM HWM IBM ICE IDXX IEX IFF ILMN INCY INFO INTC INTU IP IPG IPGP IQV IR IRM ISRG IT ITW IVZ J JBHT JCI JKHY JNJ JNPR JPM K KEY KEYS KHC KIM KLAC KMB KMI KMX KO KR KSU L LB LDOS LEG LEN LH LHX LIN LKQ LLY LMT LNC LNT LOW LRCX LUMN LUV LVS LW LYB LYV MA MAA MAR MAS MCD MCHP MCK MCO MDLZ MDT MET MGM MHK MKC MKTX MLM MMC MMM MNST MO MOS MPC MPWR MRK MRO MS MSCI MSFT MSI MTB MTD MU MXIM NCLH NDAQ NEE NEM NFLX NI NKE NLOK NLSN NOC NOV NOW NRG NSC NTAP NTRS NUE NVDA NVR NWL NWS NWSA NXPI O ODFL OGN OKE OMC ORCL ORLY OTIS OXY PAYC PAYX PCAR PEAK PEG PENN PEP PFE PFG PG PGR PH PHM PKG PKI PLD PM PNC PNR PNW POOL PPG PPL PRGO PRU PSA PSX PTC PVH PWR PXD PYPL QCOM QRVO RCL RE REG REGN RF RHI RJF RL RMD ROK ROL ROP ROST RSG RTX SBAC SBUX SCHW SEE SHW SIVB SJM SLB SNA SNPS SO SPG SPGI SRE STE STT STX STZ SWK SWKS SYF SYK SYY T TAP TDG TDY TEL TER TFC TFX TGT TJX TMO TMUS TPR TRMB TROW TRV TSCO TSLA TSN TT TTWO TWTR TXN TXT TYL UA UAA UAL UDR UHS ULTA UNH UNM UNP UPS URI USB V VFC VIAC VLO VMC VNO VRSK VRSN VRTX VTR VTRS VZ WAB WAT WBA WDC WEC WELL WFC WHR WLTW WM WMB WMT WRB WRK WST WU WY WYNN XEL XLNX XOM XRAY XYL YUM ZBH ZBRA ZION ZTS
Eine Bewertung des Inhalts des mit einer Veranstaltung verfolgten kommunikativen Anliegens bzw. der Eignung oder Sinnhaftigkeit einer Veranstaltung sowie der in ihrem Rahmen geplanten Aktionen und Ausdrucksformen im Hinblick auf den jeweils bezweckten Beitrag zur öffentlichen Meinungsbildung steht den grundrechtsgebundenen staatlichen Stellen nicht zu.
Unberührt hiervon bleibt allein die den zuständigen Behörden und den Gerichten obliegende rechtliche Beurteilung, ob eine Veranstaltung den Versammlungsbegriff erfüllt
Enthält eine Veranstaltung sowohl Elemente, die auf eine Teilhabe an der öffentlichen Meinungsbildung gerichtet sind, als auch solche, die diesem Zweck nicht zuzurechnen sind, ist entscheidend, ob eine derart gemischte Veranstaltung ihrem Gesamtgepräge nach eine Versammlung ist.
Mit dieser einschränkenden Interpretation hat der Verwaltungsgerichtshof den bundesrechtlichen Versammlungsbegriff verkannt.
Sie gibt einer wertenden Betrachtung der von den Veranstaltungsteilnehmern verfolgten Zwecke in einem Maße Raum, das bereits mit den dem Versammlungsbegriff inhärenten Geboten, eine Bewertung von Meinungskundgaben zu unterlassen und im Zweifel einen Versammlungscharakter anzunehmen, kaum zu vereinbaren ist.
Jedenfalls kann sich der Verwaltungsgerichtshof zur Rechtfertigung seines restriktiven Interpretationsansatzes nicht auf zwei Stränge in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts berufen, in denen dieses - äußerst eng umgrenzt - bestimmte Formen des Zusammenwirkens in einer Personengruppe von dem Versammlungsbegriff des Art. 8 GG ausgenommen hat (aaa.).
Über die danach bestehenden Maßgaben geht das Normverständnis des Verwaltungsgerichtshofs weit hinaus (bbb.).
Ferner haben die Kriterien der Art, des Umfangs, der Dauer und der Intensität einer Blockade sowie ihres Zusammenhangs mit dem inhaltlichen Gegenstand der Aktion, auf die der Verwaltungsgerichtshof für die Verneinung des Versammlungscharakters der in Rede stehenden Personengruppe desweiteren abgestellt hat, mit dem bundesrechtlichen Begriff der Versammlung als solchem nichts zu tun.
Der Begriff der Auflösung umschreibt die Beendigung einer bereits durchgeführten Versammlung mit dem Ziel, die Personenansammlung zu zerstreuen.
Die Auflösung ist ein Verwaltungsakt. Adressaten sind die Versammlungsteilnehmer.
Wird eine Versammlung - wie im vorliegenden Fall - von Anfang an und sodann unverändert durch kollektive und aggressive Ausschreitungen gegen Personen oder Sachen oder sonstige Gewalttätigkeiten geprägt, kann das keinem Versammlungsteilnehmer - auch nicht einem solchen, der sich als Einzelner an diesen Ausschreitungen oder Gewalttätigkeiten nicht beteiligt - verborgen bleiben.
Die Auflösungsverfügung soll ihnen Klarheit darüber verschaffen, dass mit ihrem rechtmäßigen Erlass der Grundrechtsschutz aus Art. 8 GG entfällt. Wegen des Erfordernisses der Erkennbarkeit und Rechtssicherheit muss sie in eindeutiger, Missverständnisse ausschließender Weise formuliert sein
Die Maßstäbe, nach denen eine Versammlung als unfriedlich zu charakterisieren ist, sind in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts geklärt. Auszugehen ist davon, dass die Unfriedlichkeit in der Verfassung auf der gleichen Stufe wie das Mitführen von Waffen behandelt wird.
Unfriedlich ist eine Versammlung daher erst, wenn Handlungen von einiger Gefährlichkeit wie etwa aggressive Ausschreitungen gegen Personen oder Sachen oder sonstige Gewalttätigkeiten stattfinden, hingegen nicht schon, wenn es zu Behinderungen Dritter kommt, seien diese auch gewollt und nicht nur in Kauf genommen.
Es muss sich zudem um eine kollektive Unfriedlichkeit handeln, das heißt, die Versammlung muss im Ganzen einen gewalttätigen oder aufrührerischen Verlauf nehmen bzw. der Veranstalter oder sein Anhang müssen einen solchen anstreben oder zumindest billigen.
Begehen nur einzelne Versammlungsteilnehmer oder eine Minderheit unter ihnen im Verlauf einer Versammlung Ausschreitungen, bleibt der Schutz der Versammlung mit Blick auf die friedlichen Teilnehmer erhalten
Im Zweifel ist von einer friedlichen Versammlung auszugehen.
Nach der maßgeblichen ex-ante-Sicht setzt die Annahme eines unfriedlichen Verlaufs einer Versammlung nicht voraus, dass es schon zu Gewalttätigkeiten in dem genannten Sinne gekommen ist. Es reicht vielmehr aus, wenn diese nach einer auf belastbare Feststellungen gestützten Prognose unmittelbar bevorstehen
Die Rechtsfigur der Sperrwirkung des Versammlungsgesetzes gegenüber der Anwendung von Vorschriften des allgemeinen Landespolizeirechts ist eine Ausprägung sowohl des Grundsatzes des Vorrangs des speziellen Gesetzes als auch des Grundrechts der Versammlungsfreiheit aus Art. 8 GG.
Von dieser Rechtsprechung ist das Bundesverwaltungsgericht seit dem Jahr 2007 abgerückt. Es hat mehrfach betont, die Sperrwirkung des Versammlungsgesetzes bedeute nicht, dass in die Versammlungsfreiheit nur auf der Grundlage des Versammlungsgesetzes eingegriffen werden könne. Dieses Gesetz enthalte keine abschließende Regelung für die Abwehr aller Gefahren, die im Zusammenhang mit Versammlungen auftreten könnten.
Im Ergebnis handelte es sich bei der Personengruppe, die sich in dem Kreisverkehr eingefunden und sich sodann auf die Flughafenstraße begeben hatte, in Anbetracht der aus ihrer Mitte heraus zum Ausdruck gebrachten Ablehnung der der AfD zugeschriebenen politischen Positionen um eine Versammlung.
In einer solchen Konstellation ist die Polizei zwar nicht gehindert, vor der Anwendung des Landespolizeirechts eine versammlungsrechtliche Auflösungsverfügung zu erlassen, es bedarf ihrer jedoch nicht zwingend.
Kann ein Übergewicht des einen oder des anderen Bereichs nicht zweifelsfrei festgestellt werden, bewirkt der hohe Rang der Versammlungsfreiheit, dass die Veranstaltung wie eine Versammlung zu behandeln ist
Imagine you’re Vladimir Putin. Who would you prefer in the White House?
The man who’s called you “a killer” and pledged to stand by Ukraine? (that’s Joe Biden).
Or the candidate who has criticised US military assistance to Kyiv and said he’d encourage Russia to do “whatever the hell they want” to any Nato member country that doesn’t meet defence spending guidelines (a certain Donald Trump).
Always keen to surprise, the Kremlin leader has gone on record as saying he’d actually prefer Joe Biden to keep his job because of his “predictability”.
Such a public endorsement, though, should be taken with an extremely large pinch of Russian salt. Moscow is likely to view the election of a Nato-sceptic, Ukraine-sceptic US president as three lemons for Russia on the geo-political fruit machine.
Not that there’s a guaranteed pay-out for Moscow. The Kremlin was left disappointed by the first Trump presidency.
In 2016 one Russian official admitted to me having celebrated Mr Trump’s victory with a cigar and a bottle of champagne. But the champagne went flat. The Russian authorities had expected an improvement in Russia-US relations - that never materialised.
Who’s to say a second Trump presidency wouldn’t leave Moscow feeling similarly underwhelmed.
Whoever wins the race for the White House, the Russian authorities will be watching closely for signs of post-election political instability and polarisation in America and looking for ways to benefit.
English Mock Typing Test
The government is responsible for providing various things and
facilities to the people. It is responsible for providing security to
the people and constantly works for their welfare. The
government also collects taxes, in order to have enough amount
of money or funds to carry out various welfare programmes.
The money from the tax is also used for the government
machinery. There are various organs and departments of the
government with separate roles and responsibilities. These are
the government institutions. We need such institutions in our
country for the smooth functioning of the government. In
relation to civil matters, there are primarily three main
institutions that are at work. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
take important decisions on all policy matters. The civil
Servants implement the decisions which are taken by the cabinet.
The Supreme Court plays a role whenever there is a dispute
between the public interest and the government. Advantages of
these institutions. Presence of various institutions ensures that
any major decision is taken only after the mutual consent of the
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governing bodies. Hence, it avoids implementing work on any
bad decision. People directly elect the members of the Lok
Sabha. On the other hand, indirect elections choose the
members of the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is more powerful
compared to the Rajya Sabha. This is because Lok Sabha is
directly elected by and answerable to the people. However, the
Rajya Sabha has some special powers to look after the interests
of states or regions.
2
English Actual Typing Test
The second but most powerful organ of the government is the
Executive. It is that organ which implements the laws passed by
the legislature and the policies of the government. In common
usage, people tend to identify the executive with the
government. In contemporary times, there has been a huge
increase in the powers and role of the executive in every state.
The term Executive has been defined both in its broad and
narrow forms. Firstly, in a broad form, it includes all the
government officials, political personnel and civil servants who
take up the implementation of policies and laws and also the
administration of the state. In the narrow form, it includes only
executive heads, that is, the ministers. They are also known as
political executives. These people are the heads of the
government. They are also responsible for formulating policies
and supervising the implementation of such policies. This does
not include civil services or its administrative functions. For the
political scientists ideally, only the narrow meaning of executive
was accepted. But with the modern changing dynamics of state
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governance, Civil Services are also included as part of executive
along with the Political executive. There are two types of
executive, namely political executive and permanent executive.
The political executive. The executive head of the state and other
heads of the executive departments constitute political
executives or ministers. They are mostly elected representative
of the people and responsible for all their decisions and policies
before the public. Political executives work for a fixed tenure of
about five years. It acts as a temporary executive in the sense
that it changes after every election. After completing one tenure,
ministers have to again contest elections. They can again become
ministers only when the party to which they belong returns to
power as the majority party. The ministers are non experts and
non professionals. Their function is to formulate policies and get
these policies and laws approved from the Legislature.
Thereafter, these policies and laws of the State are implemented
by the civil servants, who work under the control of political
executive. The non political permanent executive. It consists of
the civil servants from the lowest to the highest levels. It carries
out the day to day administration by working in the government
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departments. The civil servants are politically neutral. They do
not owe commitment to any political party. Their job is to carry
out the laws and policies of the government without any political
consideration. They are specially educated and trained persons.
They are experts and professionals. They give expert advice and
opinion as well as collect, classify and present data to the
political executive. Once appointed, the civil servants remain in
office till their retirement age, which is usually up to the age of
fifty five or sixty years. They get regular and fixed salaries and
are organised into higher and lower relationships. Listed below
are some of the major functions of the executive. Enforcement of
Laws. The primary function of executive is to enforce laws and
to maintain law and order in the state. Each government
department is responsible for the implementation of the laws and
policies concerning its work. For maintaining law and order in
the state, the executive organises and maintains the police force.
Appointment making functions. All major appointments are
made by the chief executive. As for example, the President of
India appoints the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme
Court and High Courts. The members of the civil service are also
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appointed by the Chief executive. This is usually done on the
recommendation of a service recruitment commission. In India,
the Union Public Service Commission annually holds
competitive examinations for All India Services, Central
Services and Allied Services. It recruits the candidates on merit
basis and the appointments are done by the Chief executive with
the recommendations of the UPSC. Treaty making functions. It
is the responsibility of the executive to decide as to which
treaties are to be signed with which other countries. The
executive negotiates the treaties in accordance with the
procedure defined by international law and also in accordance
with the provisions in the constitution of the state. Defence, war
and peace functions. One of the key functions of the state is to
defend and preserve the unity and integrity of the country. It is
the responsibility of the executive to undertake this work. To
organise military for the defence of the state, and to negotiate
and sign peace settlement after every war, are some of the
functions performed by the executive. Foreign policy making
and the conduct of foreign relations. In this age of ever
increasing global dependency, it has become one of the most
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important functions of a government to formulate the foreign
policy of the state and to conduct foreign relations.
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