Life is funny. Life throws us curve balls better than some of the world's greatest pitchers. Life has ups, downs, and even full circles of events that will always either make us super happy, bring us down, make us angry, make us depressed, and even just bring peace and calm to us. We just have to keep moving no matter what life throws at us.
This world is going to keep spinning, life keeps going, and we are always going to have moments in our life that either we are going to want to move on with the next phase of our lives, or we are going to want to stay right where we are at. So, just remember that when you think that you're better off not being here because you are. We can either buck up and make a better life for ourselves, or we can stay content with where we are at. But failing is not an option because life is too short to stay unhappy for the time of it. Do what you got to do to make it happen.
days of the week monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday
sunday weekdays weekend
months of the year january february march april may june july august
september october november december
money matters cash debit credit card cheque in advance annual fee
monthly membership interest rate deposit tuition fees poverty bank statement
money management current account student account withdraw lowrisk investment
mortgage grace period budget deficit retail voucher coupon، counterfeit money
public money taxpayers money debt interestfree credit purchase partial refund
annuity nonrefundable mastercard visa distribution costs income finance
department family finances duty free store
subjects science politics history biology architecture law geography
archaeology literature business management agriculture statistics mathematics
logic physics psychology anthropology economics philosophy performing arts visual
arts chemistry humanities
studying at college university course outline group discussion handout
written work report writing research proofreading experiment experience
reference textbook dictionary laptop printer student advisor teamwork module
topic assessment library department computer center classroom lecture tutor
main hall attendance deadline give a talk speech computer laboratory certificate
diploma placement tests overseas students fulltime facilities college dining room
specialist knowledge international accommodation home stay primary secondary
intermediate media room resources room staff commencement dissertation
leaflet faculty pupils pencil feedback tasks outcomes advanced introductory
extra background higher education guidelines postsecondary supervisor bachelors
degree compound vocabulary student support services student retention publication
foreign students schedule school reunion registrar’s office stationery
marketing catalogue interview newsletter competition tv program strategies
research method entertainment industry leadership management display products
customer special offer collecting data questionnaire survey mass media statistic
profit margin poll business card training trainee merchandise manufacture
recruitment
health yoga taichi keepfit salad bar vegetarian outdoor activities leisure time
disease meal protein balanced diet food pyramid vitamin carbohydrates rice
pasta potatoes pizza tomatoes bread cereals minerals zinc meat seafood eggs
beans milk cheese yoghurt fruit vegetables citrus fruits green pepper blackcurrant
nuts egg yolk liver medicine، treatment remedy nursing care nursery regular exercise
nature field footbridge environment waterfall river mountain forest village
coast reef lake valley hill cliff island peninsula earthquake avalanche tornado
typhoon desertification volcano disaster catastrophe erosion landslides storm
flood hurricane pond jungle oasis dam canyon
the environment greenhouse effect acid rain global warming carbon dioxide
burning fossil exhaust fumes deforestation nitrogen oxide smog climate pollution
temperature power plants landfill cattle wind turbine soar power hydroelectric
power renewable source of energy reliable solar panels environmentally friendly
oxygen chemical free desert degradation vegetation sea level ocean currents soil
conditioner coal fossil fuels firewood drought contaminated
the animal kingdom birds of prey seabirds poultry and game mammals
cetacean whale primates’ rodents fish amphibian reptile insect’s octopus phylum
class order family genus species livestock creature lion penguin
plants mushroom fungus leaves seed core bark trunk twig branch flower
stem roots cluster fertilizer
continents south america north america africa asia europe
australia and antarctica
countries egypt mexico france indonesia turkey england germany china
greece brazil india north korea india malaysia new zealand nigeria pakistan
singapore switzerland united kingdom italy the dominican republic the philippines
denmark
languages linguistics bilingual trilingual polyglot portuguese mandarin
bengali chinese hindi russian japanese german punjabi thai persian filipino
french italian greek french
architecture and buildings dome palace fort castle glasshouse pyramid
log cabin lighthouse hut skyscraper sculpture
homes semidetached house duplex terraced house town house row house
bungalow thatched cottage mobile home houseboat block of flats apartment
building condominium chimney bedroom basement landlord tenant rent lease
neighborhood suburb sofa coffee table dormitory story kitchen refrigerator
microwave ground floor oven hallway insurance
in the city cities street lane city center central station car park department
store bridge temple embassy road system hospital garden avenue
workplaces clinic dentist reception appointment staff selection colleague
workshop showroom information desk employer employment unemployed technical
cooperation team leaders stress ability vision confidence employee internship
rating and qualities reasonable satisfactory dangerous safe strongly
recommended poor quality satisfied disappointed efficient luxurious colored
spotted striped expensive cheap
touring tourist guided tour ticket office souvenir trip guest reservation view
culture memorable single double bedded room picnic tourist attraction hostel
suite aquarium
verbs train develop collect supervise mark edit revise exhibit donate
surpass register support hunt persuade concentrate discuss suggest arrange
borrow immigrate review learn touch
adjectives energetic social ancient necessary fantastic exciting fabulous
dull comfortable convenient suitable affordable voluntary، mandatory compulsory
temporary permanent immense vast salty extinct vulnerable pessimistic
optimistic realistic practical knowledgeable flexible confident western intensive
tranquil spectacular intact various
hobbies orienteering caving spelunking archery ice skating scuba diving
snorkeling skateboarding bowls darts golf billiards photography painting pottery
woodcarving gardening stamp collection embroidery climbing chess parachute
sports cricket baseball basketball rugby soccer american football hockey
swimming tennis squash badminton Ping-Pong field court pitch stadium team
the discus the javelin the hammer the high jump horse racing shows jumping polo
cycling gymnasium athlete gym extreme sports paragliding hang-gliding skydiving
abseiling snowboarding bungee jumping surfing windsurfing jet skiing
bodyboarding whitewater rafting kitesurfing mountain biking jogging press up
pushup barbell treadmill judo recreation snooker walking championship
canoeing refreshment
shapes square rectangular triangular polygon oval spherical spiral circular
curved cylindrical
measurement width length altitude imperial system metric system mass
depth breadth height three dimensions frequency
transportations cargo plane shipment container ship boat lifeboat
ferry hovercraft hydrofoil liner canal boat narrowboat dinghy sailing sailboat
paddle steamer cabin cruiser rowing boat rowboat kayak canoe punt gondola
aircraft helicopter seaplane airship hot air balloon airport crew passenger
platform hire a car automobile
vehicles double-decker bus single-decker minibus school bus coach truck
tanker van lorry transporter forklift truck tow truck breakdown truck pickup jeep
caravan camper tractor taxi cab tram underground subway stream train freight
train goods train
weather humid hot sticky breeze chilly cold cool dry dusty freezing hot
warm wet weather forecast antenna moisture
places local library swimming pool cafeteria cottage parliament
accommodation restaurant canteen cafe bookshop sports center city council
dance studio park conversation club kindergarten
equipment and tools helmet light musical instrument cassette silicon chip
digital monitor gadget device screen breaks wheels mechanical pencil disk
backpack
the arts and media opera orchestra concert symphony the press
conductor vocalist audience festival carnival exhibition classical music theatre
cinemas art gallery museum ballet television radio graphics newspaper
materials fur metal steel aluminum copper rubber plastic ceramics glass
cement stone textile cotton fabric wool leather bone paper lumber wood glue
composite fiberglass concrete wax paper wood silver gold feather
works and jobs occupation profession designer decorator architect engineer
manager waitress waiter teacher vacancy professor specialist psychologist،
volunteer freelance secretary craftsman work experience curriculum vitae mail
address receptionist pilot guard flight attendant lecturer office assistant clerk
accountant cashier captain
color blue white orange green grey black red yellow purple brown pink
expressions and time three times three times per week a gap year full
time parttime midday midnight millennium century decade fortnight
other passport photo state government individual variety private sector
practice gender creativity original inhabitant indigenous demonstration strike
entrance circuit guarantee dialogue commerce carriage narrative chocolate
satellite decision prototype attitude daily routine personal fulfillment activity
recipient ultrasound pedestrian safety traffic jams procedures creation prize
junior senior opportunity driving license process literary manmade republicans
umbrella frequently updated waiting list sewer systems liberal democracy
democrats lunar calendar libertarian burger videos nature conservation life
expectancy fundraising event magnet dialect ramification straight farewell welfare
encyclopedia evolution revolution illiteracy robot proficiency sufficient
D.C. Virginia Potomac 1847, Virginia's returned 1847 D.C. Potomac.
here's some incredibly boring information about my life
import Text.Pandoc.PDF (makePDF)
import Text.Pandoc.Scripting (ScriptingEngine (..), CustomComponents(..))
import Text.Pandoc.SelfContained (makeSelfContained)
import Text.Pandoc.Shared (tshow)
import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared (lookupMetaString)
import Text.Pandoc.Readers.Markdown (yamlToMeta)
import qualified Text.Pandoc.UTF8 as UTF8
#ifndef _WINDOWS
import System.Posix.IO (stdOutput)
import System.Posix.Terminal (queryTerminal)
#endif
convertWithOpts :: ScriptingEngine -> Opt -> IO ()
convertWithOpts scriptingEngine opts = do
let outputFile = fromMaybe "-" (optOutputFile opts)
datadir <- case optDataDir opts of
Nothing -> do
d <- defaultUserDataDir
exists <- doesDirectoryExist d
return $ if exists
then Just d
else Nothing
mdatadir -> return mdatadir
when (optDumpArgs opts) $
do UTF8.hPutStrLn stdout (T.pack outputFile)
mapM_ (UTF8.hPutStrLn stdout . T.pack)
(fromMaybe ["-"] $ optInputFiles opts)
exitSuccess
#ifdef _WINDOWS
let istty = True
#else
istty <- liftIO $ queryTerminal stdOutput
#endif
res <- runIO $ convertWithOpts' scriptingEngine istty datadir opts
case res of
Left e -> E.throwIO e
Right (output, reports) -> do
case optLogFile opts of
Nothing -> return ()
Just logfile -> BL.writeFile logfile (encodeLogMessages reports)
let isWarning msg = messageVerbosity msg == WARNING
when (optFailIfWarnings opts && any isWarning reports) $
E.throwIO PandocFailOnWarningError
let eol = case optEol opts of
CRLF -> IO.CRLF
LF -> IO.LF
Native -> nativeNewline
case output of
TextOutput t -> writerFn eol outputFile t
BinaryOutput bs -> writeFnBinary outputFile bs
ZipOutput bs
| null (takeExtension outputFile) -> do
-- create directory and unzip
createDirectory outputFile -- will fail if directory exists
let zipopts = [OptRecursive, OptDestination outputFile] ++
[OptVerbose | optVerbosity opts == INFO]
case toArchiveOrFail bs of
Right archive -> extractFilesFromArchive zipopts archive
Left e -> E.throwIO $ PandocShouldNeverHappenError $ T.pack e
| otherwise -> writeFnBinary outputFile bs
convertWithOpts' :: (PandocMonad m, MonadIO m, MonadMask m)
=> ScriptingEngine
-> Bool
-> Maybe FilePath
-> Opt
-> m (PandocOutput, [LogMessage])
convertWithOpts' scriptingEngine istty datadir opts = do
configureCommonState datadir opts
let outputFile = fromMaybe "-" (optOutputFile opts)
let filters = optFilters opts
let sources = case optInputFiles opts of
Just xs | not (optIgnoreArgs opts) -> xs
_ -> ["-"]
let defFlavor fmt = Format.FlavoredFormat fmt mempty
-- assign reader and writer based on options and filenames
flvrd@(Format.FlavoredFormat readerNameBase _extsDiff) <-
case optFrom opts of
Just f -> Format.parseFlavoredFormat f
Nothing -> case Format.formatFromFilePaths sources of
Just f' -> return f'
Nothing | sources == ["-"] -> return $ defFlavor "markdown"
| otherwise -> do
report $ CouldNotDeduceFormat
(map (T.pack . takeExtension) sources) "markdown"
return $ defFlavor "markdown"
let makeSandboxed pureReader =
let files = maybe id (:) (optReferenceDoc opts) .
maybe id (:) (optEpubMetadata opts) .
maybe id (:) (optEpubCoverImage opts) .
maybe id (:) (optCSL opts) .
maybe id (:) (optCitationAbbreviations opts) $
optEpubFonts opts ++
optBibliography opts
in case pureReader of
TextReader r -> TextReader $ \o t -> sandbox files (r o t)
ByteStringReader r
-> ByteStringReader $ \o t -> sandbox files (r o t)
(reader, readerExts) <-
if ".lua" `T.isSuffixOf` readerNameBase
then do
let scriptPath = T.unpack readerNameBase
components <- engineLoadCustom scriptingEngine scriptPath
r <- case customReader components of
Nothing -> throwError $ PandocAppError $
readerNameBase <> " does not contain a custom reader"
Just r -> return r
let extsConf = fromMaybe mempty (customExtensions components)
rexts <- Format.applyExtensionsDiff extsConf flvrd
return (r, rexts)
else if optSandbox opts
then case runPure (getReader flvrd) of
Left e -> throwError e
Right (r, rexts) -> return (makeSandboxed r, rexts)
else getReader flvrd
outputSettings <- optToOutputSettings scriptingEngine opts
let format = outputFormat outputSettings
let writer = outputWriter outputSettings
let writerOptions = outputWriterOptions outputSettings
-- whether we are targeting PDF.
let pdfOutput = isJust $ outputPdfProgram outputSettings
-- whether standalone output should be produced.
let bibOutput = format `elem` ["bibtex", "biblatex", "csljson"]
let standalone = isJust (writerTemplate writerOptions) || bibOutput
--
-- Sanity checks
--
when (pdfOutput && readerNameBase == "latex") $
case optInputFiles opts of
Just (inputFile:_) -> report $ UnusualConversion $ T.pack $
"to convert a .tex file to PDF, you get better results by using pdflatex "
<> "(or lualatex or xelatex) directly, try `pdflatex " <> inputFile
<> "` instead of `pandoc " <> inputFile <> " -o " <> outputFile <> "`."
_ -> return ()
-- We don't want to send output to the terminal if the user
-- does 'pandoc -t docx input.txt'; though we allow them to
-- force this with '-o -'. On posix systems, we detect
-- when stdout is being piped and allow output to stdout
-- in that case, but on Windows we can't.
when ((pdfOutput || not (isTextFormat format)) &&
istty && isNothing ( optOutputFile opts)) $
throwError $ PandocAppError $
"Cannot write " <> (if pdfOutput then "pdf" else format) <>
" output to terminal.\n" <>
"Specify an output file using the -o option, or " <>
"use '-o -' to force output to stdout."
when (readerNameBase == "markdown_github" ||
format == "markdown_github") $
report $ Deprecated "markdown_github" "Use gfm instead."
abbrevs <- readAbbreviations (optAbbreviations opts)
let readerOpts = def{
readerStandalone = standalone
, readerColumns = optColumns opts
, readerTabStop = optTabStop opts
, readerIndentedCodeClasses = optIndentedCodeClasses opts
, readerDefaultImageExtension = optDefaultImageExtension opts
, readerTrackChanges = optTrackChanges opts
, readerAbbreviations = abbrevs
, readerExtensions = readerExts
, readerStripComments = optStripComments opts
}
metadataFromFile <- getMetadataFromFiles readerNameBase readerOpts
(optMetadataFiles opts)
let transforms = (case optShiftHeadingLevelBy opts of
0 -> id
x -> (headerShift x :)) .
(if extensionEnabled Ext_east_asian_line_breaks
readerExts &&
not (extensionEnabled Ext_east_asian_line_breaks
(writerExtensions writerOptions) &&
writerWrapText writerOptions == WrapPreserve)
then (eastAsianLineBreakFilter :)
else id) .
(case optIpynbOutput opts of
_ | readerNameBase /= "ipynb" -> id
IpynbOutputAll -> id
IpynbOutputNone -> (filterIpynbOutput Nothing :)
IpynbOutputBest -> (filterIpynbOutput (Just $
if htmlFormat format
then Format "html"
else
case format of
"latex" -> Format "latex"
"beamer" -> Format "latex"
_ -> Format format) :))
$ []
let isPandocCiteproc (JSONFilter f) = takeBaseName f == "pandoc-citeproc"
isPandocCiteproc _ = False
when (any isPandocCiteproc filters) $
report $ Deprecated "pandoc-citeproc filter"
"Use --citeproc instead."
let cslMetadata =
maybe id (setMeta "csl") (optCSL opts) .
(case optBibliography opts of
[] -> id
xs -> setMeta "bibliography" xs) .
maybe id (setMeta "citation-abbreviations")
(optCitationAbbreviations opts) $ mempty
let filterEnv = Environment readerOpts writerOptions
let inputParams = InputParameters
{ inputReader = reader
, inputReaderName = readerNameBase
, inputReaderOptions = readerOpts
, inputSources = sources
, inputFileScope = optFileScope opts
, inputSpacesPerTab = if optPreserveTabs opts
then Nothing
else Just (optTabStop opts)
}
doc <- readInput inputParams
>>= ( return . adjustMetadata (metadataFromFile <>)
>=> return . adjustMetadata (<> optMetadata opts)
>=> return . adjustMetadata (<> cslMetadata)
>=> applyFilters scriptingEngine filterEnv filters [T.unpack format]
>=> applyTransforms transforms
>=> (if not (optSandbox opts) &&
(isJust (optExtractMedia opts)
|| format == "docx") -- for fallback pngs
then fillMediaBag
else return)
>=> maybe return extractMedia (optExtractMedia opts)
)
when (format == "docx" && not (optSandbox opts)) $ do
createPngFallbacks (writerDpi writerOptions)
output <- case writer of
ByteStringWriter f
| format == "chunkedhtml" -> ZipOutput <$> f writerOptions doc
| otherwise -> BinaryOutput <$> f writerOptions doc
TextWriter f -> case outputPdfProgram outputSettings of
Just pdfProg -> do
res <- makePDF pdfProg (optPdfEngineOpts opts) f
writerOptions doc
case res of
Right pdf -> return $ BinaryOutput pdf
Left err' -> throwError $ PandocPDFError $
TL.toStrict (TE.decodeUtf8With TE.lenientDecode err')
Nothing -> do
let ensureNl t
| standalone = t
| T.null t || T.last t /= '\n' = t <> T.singleton '\n'
| otherwise = t
textOutput <- ensureNl <$> f writerOptions doc
if (optSelfContained opts || optEmbedResources opts) && htmlFormat format
then TextOutput <$> makeSelfContained textOutput
else return $ TextOutput textOutput
reports <- getLog
return (output, reports)
data PandocOutput =
TextOutput Text
| BinaryOutput BL.ByteString
| ZipOutput BL.ByteString
deriving (Show)
-- | Configure the common state
configureCommonState :: PandocMonad m => Maybe FilePath -> Opt -> m ()
configureCommonState datadir opts = do
setUserDataDir datadir
setTrace (optTrace opts)
setVerbosity (optVerbosity opts)
setResourcePath (optResourcePath opts)
setInputFiles (fromMaybe ["-"] (optInputFiles opts))
setOutputFile (optOutputFile opts)
setNoCheckCertificate (optNoCheckCertificate opts)
mapM_ (uncurry setRequestHeader) (optRequestHeaders opts)
case lookupMetaString "lang" (optMetadata opts) of
"" -> setTranslations $ Lang "en" Nothing (Just "US") [] [] []
l -> case parseLang l of
Left _ -> report $ InvalidLang l
Right l' -> setTranslations l'
-- | Retrieves the set of abbreviations to be used by pandoc. These currently
-- only affect the Markdown reader.
readAbbreviations :: PandocMonad m => Maybe FilePath -> m (Set.Set Text)
readAbbreviations mbfilepath =
(case mbfilepath of
Nothing -> readDataFile "abbreviations"
Just f -> readFileStrict f)
>>= fmap (Set.fromList . filter (not . T.null) . T.lines) .
toTextM (fromMaybe mempty mbfilepath)
createPngFallbacks :: (PandocMonad m, MonadIO m) => Int -> m ()
createPngFallbacks dpi = do
-- create fallback pngs for svgs
items <- mediaItems <$> getMediaBag
forM_ items $ \(fp, mt, bs) ->
case T.takeWhile (/=';') mt of
"image/svg+xml" -> do
res <- svgToPng dpi bs
case res of
Right bs' -> do
let fp' = fp <> ".png"
insertMedia fp' (Just "image/png") bs'
Left e -> report $ CouldNotConvertImage (T.pack fp) (tshow e)
_ -> return ()
getMetadataFromFiles :: PandocMonad m
=> Text -> ReaderOptions -> [FilePath] -> m Meta
getMetadataFromFiles readerFormat readerOpts = \case
[] -> return mempty
paths -> mconcat <$> do
-- If format is markdown or commonmark, use the enabled extensions,
-- otherwise treat metadata as pandoc markdown (see #7926, #6832)
let readerOptsMeta =
if readerFormat `elem` ["markdown", "commonmark"]
then readerOpts
else readerOpts{ readerExtensions = pandocExtensions }
forM paths $ \path -> do
raw <- readMetadataFile path
yamlToMeta readerOptsMeta (Just path) raw
htmlFormat :: Text -> Bool
htmlFormat = (`elem` ["html","html4","html5","s5","slidy",
"slideous","dzslides","revealjs"])
isTextFormat :: Text -> Bool
isTextFormat s = s `notElem` ["odt","docx","epub2","epub3","epub","pptx"]
adjustMetadata :: (Meta -> Meta) -> Pandoc -> Pandoc
adjustMetadata f (Pandoc meta bs) = Pandoc (f meta) bs
writeFnBinary :: FilePath -> BL.ByteString -> IO ()
writeFnBinary "-" = BL.putStr
writeFnBinary f = BL.writeFile (UTF8.encodePath f)
writerFn :: IO.Newline -> FilePath -> Text -> IO ()
writerFn eol "-" = UTF8.putStrWith eol
writerFn eol f = UTF8.writeFileWith eol f
Sociological Perspective of the Self
Sociology
study of the role of society in shaping behavior.
The sociological perspective of the self looks into self as a social construction, which means that who you are as a person all through your lifetime is developed under the influence of people, meaning, the self is shaped through interaction with other people in a society. Through socialization, we develop our personalities and potentialities with the influence of our culture and society.
Socialization takes place through the interaction with various agents of socialization, like peer groups and families, plus both formal and informal social institutions, like schools and clubs.
While we were born with a genetic makeup and biological traits, who we are as human beings, however, develops through social interaction. Sociology is the study of the role of society in shaping behavior. It focuses on how different aspects of society contribute to an individual’s relationship with his world. It tends to look outward (social institutions, cultural norms, interactions with others) to understand human behavior. This part of the module will be focused on the self as perceived by sociologists. We will look into the role of society in how we were shaped as to who we are today.
The Self as a Social Construction
Now let us start to explore the “self” as a social construction. Social construction means that individuals develop a sense of self-based on how they think other people see and judge them. They see themselves and construct a sense of identity, by interpreting what they think they see reflected about themselves in others' opinions and reactions. They incorporate these ideas into their sense of self. The classical sociological perspective of the self holds that the self is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are or our identity in relation to ourselves, others, and the social world. Our self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through our interaction with other people. The sociological theories of the self try to explain how social processes such as socialization influence the development of the self.
Socialization is the process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it. In other words, it is the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group and behave in a way that is approved by the group. Through socialization, we develop our personalities and potentialities with the influence of our culture and society. As with socialization in general, we are not passive participants in this process but rather, have a powerful influence over how this process develops and its circumstances. The person can also be an agent of socialization. The self is constructed based on social roles through socialization agents (family, school, community, etc.). How people understand their sense of selves is closely tied to how they understand the world around them or their relationship with others.
The Self and the Social Agencies
Our development is largely influenced by the membership to crucial social groups that shape various aspects of our self; from our beliefs system, values orientation, and manifest behavior. Indeed, we are born into a family and toward the end of our lives, we evaluate our self in the context of our contribution to society, the quality of our social relationships, and how we have helped touch the lives of people we have directly encountered.
At the beginning of life, we are surrounded by our family. It is the most pervading, influential social that group that impacts ourselves in the entire course of development. The conceptions we hold about our world, the values we uphold in making choices and decisions, and our habits and persistent behavior have been formed in the context of our respective families.
Next to family, schools form a significant part of our social self. Our world perspectives go bigger as we get exposed to more people and a formal set of standards; but this time, we are expected to meet certain criteria of achievement and oftentimes, in collaborative learning conditions. We harness the knowledge that we get from our mentors and apply the socialization skills we got from our families in developing relationships with our school peers. The information we glean from books, lectures of our mentors, insights from our classmates is assimilated and imbibed consequently in the inner recesses of our self.
Aside from one’s family and school, our communities also shape our social self to a large extent. From an anthropological and sociological perspective, our cultural beliefs and practices are influenced by what our communities and societies dictate. Values such as faith in God, respect for the elderly, task persistence & dedication, and love for our country are often the products of communal settings we belong to and societal expectations imposed on us.
Mead and the Social Self
George Herbert Mead: The"I" Self and "Me" Self Theory
George Herbert Mead is an American Sociologist, and he is considered as the Father of American pragmatism, and one of the pioneers in the field of social psychology because of his contributions to the development of the person relating to various social factors. Mead is a well-known sociologist for his theory of the social self. It is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as observing and interacting with others, responding to others’ opinions about oneself, and internalizing them together with one’s feelings about oneself. For Mead, our self is not there at birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and activities.
The social aspect of self is an important distinction because other sociologists and psychologists of Mead's time felt that the self was based on biological factors and inherited traits. According to Mead, the self is not there from birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and activities.
Two Sides of the Self: The “I” and the “Me” Self
According to his theory, the self has two sides or phases: 'me' and 'I.' The 'me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. The 'me' represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. This is sometimes referred to as the generalized other. The 'me' is considered a phase of the self that is in the past. The 'me' has been developed by the knowledge of society and social interactions that the individual has gained.
The 'I', can be considered the present and future phase of the self. The 'I' represents the individual's identity based on response to the 'me.' The 'I' says, 'Okay. Society says I should behave and socially interact one way, and I think I should act the same (or perhaps different),' and that notion becomes self.
The 'me' and the 'I' have a didactic relationship, like a system of checks and balances. The 'me' exercises societal control over one's self. The 'me' is what prevents someone from breaking the rules or boundaries of societal expectations. The 'I' allows the individual to still express creativity and individualism and understand when to possibly bend and stretch the rules that govern social interactions
Therefore,
The “Me” are the characteristics, behavior, and or actions done by a person that follows the “generalized others” that person interacts with. The “Me” is the attitudes, and behavior of the person with reference to their social environment
The “I” is the reaction of the individual to the attitude of others, as well as the manifestation of the individuality of the person. The “I” is one’s response to the established attitude and behavior that a person assumes in reference to their social interactions.
Caring for your Social Self
"Our selves are not created in isolation; we are not born with perceptions of ourselves as shy, interested in jazz, or charitable to others. Rather, these beliefs are determined by our observations of and interactions with others".
With the idea of Mead with regards to the establishment of the sense of self, socialization is a lifetime endeavor, and the people one interacts with will change throughout a person’s life. As such, considering the social environment one belongs to, along with the changes in the person’s development be it at school, home, or work, as well as the interactions, and experiences the person acquires from those people and situations, it helps define a more concrete identity and sense of self.
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self Theory
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Theory
Charles Horton Cooley and Looking Glass Self
When it comes to understanding ourselves, social interaction plays a more important role than many of us realize. According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, individuals develop their concept of self by observing how they are perceived by others, a concept Cooley coined as the “looking-glass self.” This process, particularly when applied to the digital age, raises questions about the nature of identity, socialization, and the changing landscape of self. The looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.
Cooley’s theory is notable because it suggests that self-concept is built not in solitude, but rather within social settings. In this way, society and individuals are not separate, but rather two complementary aspects of the same phenomenon. As one of the pioneer contributors to sociological perspectives, he asserted that people’s self-understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how others view them—a process termed “the looking glass self.” For Cooley, we gradually figure out who we are as we grow up. You figure out what you look like by looking in a mirror. However, you figure out who you are through social interactions.
The people you interact with become your “mirrors.” You see what they think of you when you interact with them, and it changes the way you think of yourself. According to Society in Focus, the process of discovering the looking-glass self occurs in three steps:
An individual in a social situation imagines how they appear to others.
That individual imagines others’ judgment of that appearance.
The individual develops feelings about and responds to those perceived judgments.
The process of the looking-glass self is further complicated by the context of each interaction and the nature of the people involved. Not all feedback carries the same weight, for instance. People may take the responses from those whom they trust more seriously than those of strangers. Signals may be misinterpreted. People also usually take their own value systems into consideration when thinking through any changes to their behavior or views of self.
Ultimately, the process of the looking-glass self is one of alignment. People constantly seek to create consistency between their internal and external worlds and, therefore, continue to perceive, adjust, and strive for equilibrium throughout their lives.
Summary
In summary, the looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them.
Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.
Cooley’s theory is notable because it suggests that self-concept is built not in solitude, but rather within social settings. In this way, society and individuals are not separate, but rather two complementary aspects of the same phenomenon.
The process of the looking-glass self is further complicated by the context of each interaction and the nature of the people involved.
Not all feedback carries the same weight, for instance. People may take the responses from those whom they trust more seriously than those of strangers.
Signals may be misinterpreted. People also usually take their own value systems into consideration when thinking through any changes to their behavior or views of self. Ultimately, the process of the looking-glass self is one of alignment.
People constantly seek to create consistency between their internal and external worlds and, therefore, continue to perceive, adjust, and strive for equilibrium throughout their lives.
The Self Embedded in Culture
The Self Embedded in Culture
Culture influences what will affect you emotionally, as well as how you express yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private. Anthropologists believe that culture is the full range of learned behavior patterns, as
Sir Edward B. Taylor,
founder of cultural anthropology, defined. Culture as 'a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, morals, law, customs, arts, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a human as a member of society. Likewise, characteristics of culture include culture is shared, symbolic, natural, learned, integrated, encompassing and maladaptive, and adaptive
Culture is everything that makes up the way a group of people lives. It includes their beliefs, values, and traditions. The experiences we go through in life are facilitated by the culture we live in because culture provides the environment which allows all these experiences to take place.
There are two components of culture that are essential in understanding how the self is being influenced by it:
Material culture consists of human technology - all the things that people make and use. These are the physical manifestations of culture. The goods and products we buy and the products we use are also included here.
Non-material culture includes intangible human creations like beliefs, values, norms, morals, rules, language, and organizations. This also helps shape our perspective of the society of ourselves, and even of the material world.
Culture helps us define how we see ourselves and how we relate to others. Remember that we differ in many ways: language diversity, cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious diversity, and economic diversity. All these aspects of diversity work together to form our sense of self. Always remember that it is important for you to respect others' cultures and acknowledge and understand that individuals may not develop a sense of self in the same manner. A family’s cultural values shape the development of the child’s self-concept.
Culture shapes how we each see ourselves and others. For instance, some cultures prefer children to be quiet and respectful when around adults. This does not mean that a quiet child lacks self-confidence. Young children learn from stories told to them that often emphasize a family’s values and affect how a child develops his self-concept. Every family influences a child’s self-concept within their cultural context. Young children may describe themselves based on their family’s values, beliefs, and morals
Now, take a moment to reflect on the influence your culture has had on your sense of self. To find yourself and truly know who you are, knowing your roots is just the foundation. Remember, culture influences us in more ways than we may know. So, take a moment and reflect on who you are, where you come from, and what you believe in. Self-reflection is the first step of self-discovery.
3,624,807 22,117 (13,743 mi) 2022 1.451 1,451,689,993.
It still made for a physical contest on a lovely evening at the Rec which, unlike certain other English stadiums, has not suddenly been reinvented as the Thatchers Thunderdome or the Avon Arena over the summer. The presence of the watching England head coach, Steve Borthwick, added to the sense of occasion and the home side made a suitably fast start. Good work from the forwards, with Miles Reid prominent on his 100th game for Bath, forced a useful advantage after just five minutes and the backs worked Cokanasiga over for the season’s opening try.
Saints could also have done without Smith, last season’s league top-scorer, missing a straightforward early penalty and were suitably relieved when Russell was also unable to nail a decent opportunity at the other end. Soon enough, though, they were level at 7-7 after George Furbank cut a lovely line to put his new Australian teammate Kemeny over for a fine score.
It was the signal for the tempo of the game to increase. Bath’s Will Butt might not be his side’s best-known centre but he looks in excellent early-season shape and was central to their second try, splitting the visiting cover to allow Spencer to put the galloping Hill over.
Suatu hari, saya dan teman-teman memutuskan untuk mendaki Gunung Ciremai dengan penuh semangat, meskipun ini pengalaman pertama kami. Di awal perjalanan, semuanya terasa mudah, kami bercanda dan memotret pemandangan indah. Tapi setelah beberapa jam, kami mulai kelelahan. Budi, salah satu teman kami, tiba-tiba panik karena lupa membawa nasi bungkus, dan ranselnya hanya berisi cemilan, membuat kami tertawa terbahak-bahak. Ketika kami merasa semakin lelah, Rani berteriak dengan semangat bahwa puncak sudah dekat, tapi ternyata itu hanya bukit kecil, bukan puncak gunung. Kami tertawa lagi, walaupun kaki semakin lemas. Akhirnya, setelah perjalanan panjang dan penuh kejutan, kami berhasil mencapai puncak Gunung Ciremai. Di sana, kami duduk bersama menikmati pemandangan sambil makan cemilan seadanya, dan meskipun tanpa nasi bungkus Budi, pengalaman mendaki ini menjadi cerita lucu dan tak terlupakan bagi kami semua.
Pada suatu hari yang cerah, saya dan keluarga pergi berlibur ke pantai untuk menghabiskan akhir pekan. Kami berangkat pagi-pagi sekali, mengendarai mobil dengan penuh semangat menuju pantai yang terletak di luar kota. Setibanya di sana, kami disambut oleh suara ombak yang bergulung-gulung, langit biru tanpa awan, dan pasir putih yang halus di bawah kaki. Saya segera berlari ke tepi air, merasakan dinginnya air laut yang menyentuh jemari kaki saya. Adik saya sibuk membangun istana pasir, sementara ayah dan ibu duduk di bawah payung, menikmati pemandangan sambil membaca buku. Tidak lama kemudian, kami semua bermain di air, melompat bersama ombak dan tertawa lepas saat ombak besar datang menghampiri. Setelah lelah bermain, kami duduk di atas tikar sambil menikmati bekal yang dibawa dari rumah, nasi bungkus dengan ikan bakar yang lezat. Angin pantai yang sejuk membuat kami merasa damai dan tenang, seolah semua kekhawatiran hilang bersama suara ombak. Hari itu terasa begitu menyenangkan, dan ketika matahari mulai tenggelam di ufuk barat, kami berjalan menyusuri pantai, meninggalkan jejak kaki di pasir basah, sebelum akhirnya pulang dengan hati yang bahagia dan penuh kenangan indah.
world, Andes Andes 7,000 (4,300 mi) 80% Chile Chile entire results 3% use.
Keir Starmer has been prime minister for less than three months, yet Labour begins its annual conference this weekend already weighed down by incumbency. Rows over gifts from wealthy donors and tickets to football games as well as squabbling about his chief of staff’s pay are feeding into public disquiet. These come when the burden of government in difficult economic circumstances and in an age of low public trust would have shortened any political honeymoon period. But Downing Street also set out with the explicit objective of dampening expectations of how soon change might come. That mission has been accomplished with a needless surplus of gloom.
Sir Keir’s urgent task in Liverpool is to recalibrate the mood with a sense of optimism and purpose. He needs to give the country reasons to be glad of a Labour government in ways that go beyond relief at no longer being ruled by Tories. New governments often come to power blaming the last. Sir Keir has given the nation an unvarnished account of the dismal legacy he has inherited. That bleak audit covers a record of political and financial maladministration.
Conservative ministers, driven by ideological fanaticism and self-serving cynicism, squandered energy and resources on ill-conceived, unworkable policies, while starving public services of vital resources. Sir Keir has a difficult job because the country is in a terrible state. Putting things right will take time. But that morose message has been soured by a performance of fiscal discipline, delivered without a hint of uplifting accompaniment.
The prime minister says things will get worse before they get better. The chancellor, citing “black holes” in the budget, withdraws winter fuel payments for all but the poorest pensioners and pledges more pain to come. Rachel Reeves’ argument is that government departments would outspend budgets by £22bn more than previously disclosed and that cuts were needed to compensate. This is a self-imposed restriction that stems from ill-advised fiscal rules. The force of that constraint, and the zeal with which it is applied as austerity across Whitehall, is also a matter of political choice.
Downing Street strategists argue that adherence to Tory spending limits was a non-negotiable condition of persuading the public that Labour could be trusted on the economy. Maybe so, maybe not. There is no way to test the counterfactual scenario, where Ms Reeves fought the election with a wider range of tax-raising options still open. However, the decision to lean into unpopularity so hard, so fast and without a countervailing narrative of hope looks like poor strategic judgment.
Labour’s election manifesto contained plenty of reasons to expect a substantial departure from a grim status quo. A marked progressive shift was promised in the areas of workers’ rights, a robust commitment to net zero, improved relations with the rest of Europe and, perhaps most significantly, readiness to embrace a more interventionist model of economic management, including public ownership of utilities.
The Starmerite script contains rather too much fiscal conservatism, but the hope is that there is a social democratic framework at its core. It expresses the opposite of the Tory conviction that government’s main function is to facilitate market supremacy and then get out of the way. Many of the activists and MPs gathering in Liverpool feel unsure which of the two strands – cringing continuity or bold departure – will dominate. Sir Keir’s task is to answer in terms that give hope of meaningful change to come.
Much has been written about India’s emergence as an economic giant — it is the world’s fastest growing big economy, and is currently the fifth largest. Demographics is a major factor in propelling this rise given that the median age is around 28 years and 63% of the population is of working age. However, the labour force participation rate stood at 55.2% in 2022, according to a recent report released by the International Labour Organization (ILO), which goes on to state that falling labour intensity is likely due to growth being led by the services sector rather than manufacturing. Therefore, while we are certainly not experiencing “jobless growth”, more steps are needed to harness the demographic dividend.
First and foremost, there is a need to press ahead with the ongoing reforms agenda to maintain, if not accelerate, India’s growth trajectory as that by itself will create opportunities galore. There was a welcome reference to this in Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s Budget speech to initiate and incentivise improvements in productivity and to facilitate markets and sectors to become more efficient. While there is much that the Centre has done to enhance ease of doing business, much of what needs to be done next, especially in the context of production, concerns the States (which is where the action is now). Hence, both need to walk in lockstep to broaden and deepen reforms.
Vanessa Relf
Nessieoftheloch22
vanessarelf26@gmail.com
Kiss of Life
Midas Touch 2:55
Alexandria Lyn Amiya Jones Alyssa Cummings Vanessa Relf
At a meeting in Thiruvananthapuram last week, the Finance Ministers of five-Opposition-ruled States demanded a raise in the divisible pool of taxes from 41% — the Fifteenth Finance Commission’s recommendation — to a 50% apportionment, and a cap on the amount the Centre can collect as cesses and surcharges that usually appear as top-ups on invoices meant to fund specific central government projects and beyond the ambit of the devolution mechanism. The Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah has also reignited the debate by announcing his interest in convening a meeting of Chief Ministers of Opposition and BJP-ruled States to discuss the growing infringement on States’ autonomy to collect taxes since the introduction of the GST framework and the penalising of States with better economic indices. The meeting assumes significance in the backdrop of the paltry sums allocated in the 2024-25 Union Budget for marquee plans such as Bengaluru’s Suburban Rail Project, or the non-allocation of central funds for Kerala’s Vizhinjam Port and the second phase of the Chennai Metro Rail project. The meeting must also be viewed in the backdrop of natural disasters striking various States across India such as the flooding in Tamil Nadu’s southern delta regions last December, the recent heavy rains in western Gujarat, and the devastating landslide at Wayanad, Kerala. The Sixteenth Finance Commission’s recommendations on tax devolution are expected by October 2025.
While the difference in the State Gross Domestic Product between States is rightly given the highest weightage of 45% by the Fifteenth Finance Commission in determining tax devolution as a measure to provide for the development of India’s poorer regions, this has led to considerably reduced devolutions to top tax revenue contributing States such as Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. As industrial and economic powerhouses, these States require tailor-made capital and social expenditures that could address particular developmental, climate and industrial needs of their varied regions. Apart from the restrictions on States by the GST framework on tax collections, low devolution has also meant that the governments of high-performing States are finding their hands tied at a crucial juncture in their economic and social trajectories. Moreover, neither the GST nor the Finance Commission have addressed contingency expenses,
As their third term in office gathers pace, the Narendra Modi government and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are eager to claim a seamless continuity with the first two terms, as a mark of effective governance and leadership. The government and the party have used the arbitrary 100-day milestone to showcase their achievements in various sectors, from renewable energy to infrastructure, and the successes of welfare schemes. They have also used the opportunity to pronounce that nothing has changed, despite the dependence of the government on a coalition in the 18th Lok Sabha. As if to prove the point that there is no rethink on any of its controversial agendas from the previous terms, the Union Cabinet, on Wednesday (September 18, 2024), approved a report by a committee headed by the former President of India, Ram Nath Kovind, that has endorsed a partisan BJP proposal for simultaneous elections to all State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha. The government has also made it clear that it will work towards a Uniform Civil Code, and continue to push for the expansion of Hindi over English. BJP functionaries are putting on a brave face but cannot wish away the new reality of coalition politics, and the changed dynamics in the party and the larger Sangh Parivar since the results of the 2024 general election.
Immanuel Kant: Die deontologische Ethik
Ziel ist die Suche nach einem universalen Moralgesetz.
Es geht darum, ein Prinzip zu finden, das den Willen bestimmt. Denn die Talente des Geistes, Glücksgaben und Eigenschaften des Temperaments können schädlich wirken, wenn der Wille , der dahinter steht, kein guter ist.
Dabei sind die Folgen der Handlung irrelevant.
Eine moralische Gesinnung zeigt sich, wenn man einzig aus Pflicht, nicht aber aus Neigung handelt. Pflicht ist die Handlung aus Achtung vor dem Gesetz.
Das Gesetz formuliert Kant als kategorischen Imperativ, wobei die eigene Maxime auf prinzipielle Universalisierbarkeit überprüft werden muss. Kann die Maxime widerspruchsfrei gewollt werden, kann sie zum allgemeinen Gesetz werden.
Der kategorische Imperativ hat seinen Ursprung in der Vernunft des Menschen und bestimmt seinen Willen. Kant geht also von einem vernunftbegabten, autonomen Menschen aus, der dem selbst gegebenen Gesetz unabhängig von persönlichen Neigungen folgt, weil er das Sollensprinzip als richtig erkannt hat.
Darüber hinaus legt Kant mit der Menschheits-Zweck-Formel fest, dass der Mensch immer Zweck an sich selbst ist, also einen absoluten Wert besitzt und somit niemals Mittel zum Zweck sein darf.
You'll believe in more than that before I've finished with you. Take your army to the Haunted Forest, and bring me that girl and her dog! Do what you like with the others, but I want her alive and unharmed! They'll give you no trouble, I promise you that. I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them. Take special care of those ruby slippers. I want those most of all. Now, fly! Fly! Bring me that girl and her slippers! Fly! Fly! Fly! Whozat? Who's that hiding in the tree top? It's that rascal - The Jitter Bug. Should you catch him buzzin' round you. Keep away from The Jitter Bug!
Hello everyone how are you ?
use super::IdempotencyKey;
use actix_web::body::to_bytes;
use actix_web::http::StatusCode;
use actix_web::HttpResponse;
use sqlx::{Executor, PgPool};
use sqlx::{Postgres, Transaction};
use uuid::Uuid;
#[derive(Debug, sqlx::Type)]
#[sqlx(type_name = "header_pair")]
struct HeaderPairRecord {
name: String,
value: Vec<u8>,
}
pub async fn get_saved_response(
pool: &PgPool,
idempotency_key: &IdempotencyKey,
user_id: Uuid,
) -> Result<Option<HttpResponse>, anyhow::Error> {
let saved_response = sqlx::query!(
r#"
SELECT
response_status_code as "response_status_code!",
response_headers as "response_headers!: Vec<HeaderPairRecord>",
response_body as "response_body!"
FROM idempotency
WHERE
user_id = $1 AND
idempotency_key = $2
"#,
user_id,
idempotency_key.as_ref()
)
.fetch_optional(pool)
.await?;
if let Some(r) = saved_response {
let status_code = StatusCode::from_u16(r.response_status_code.try_into()?)?;
let mut response = HttpResponse::build(status_code);
for HeaderPairRecord { name, value } in r.response_headers {
response.append_header((name, value));
}
Ok(Some(response.body(r.response_body)))
} else {
Ok(None)
}
}
pub async fn save_response(
mut transaction: Transaction<'static, Postgres>,
idempotency_key: &IdempotencyKey,
user_id: Uuid,
http_response: HttpResponse,
) -> Result<HttpResponse, anyhow::Error> {
let (response_head, body) = http_response.into_parts();
let body = to_bytes(body).await.map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{}", e))?;
let status_code = response_head.status().as_u16() as i16;
let headers = {
let mut h = Vec::with_capacity(response_head.headers().len());
for (name, value) in response_head.headers().iter() {
let name = name.as_str().to_owned();
let value = value.as_bytes().to_owned();
h.push(HeaderPairRecord { name, value });
}
h
};
transaction
.execute(sqlx::query_unchecked!(
r#"
UPDATE idempotency
SET
response_status_code = $3,
response_headers = $4,
response_body = $5
WHERE
user_id = $1 AND
idempotency_key = $2
"#,
user_id,
idempotency_key.as_ref(),
status_code,
headers,
body.as_ref()
))
.await?;
transaction.commit().await?;
let http_response = response_head.set_body(body).map_into_boxed_body();
Ok(http_response)
}
#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
pub enum NextAction {
// Return transaction for later usage
StartProcessing(Transaction<'static, Postgres>),
ReturnSavedResponse(HttpResponse),
}
pub async fn try_processing(
pool: &PgPool,
idempotency_key: &IdempotencyKey,
user_id: Uuid,
) -> Result<NextAction, anyhow::Error> {
let mut transaction = pool.begin().await?;
let query = sqlx::query!(
r#"
INSERT INTO idempotency (
user_id,
idempotency_key,
created_at
)
VALUES ($1, $2, now())
ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
"#,
user_id,
idempotency_key.as_ref()
);
let n_inserted_rows = transaction.execute(query).await?.rows_affected();
if n_inserted_rows > 0 {
Ok(NextAction::StartProcessing(transaction))
} else {
let saved_response = get_saved_response(pool, idempotency_key, user_id)
.await?
.ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("We expected a saved response, we didn't find it"))?;
Ok(NextAction::ReturnSavedResponse(saved_response))
