Ethics is at the core of legal practice.
All Canadian lawyers are regulated, significantly, by self-regulation
Self-regulation assists in sustaining the legal profession's independence from government domination
Neglect of these responsibilities compromises the independence of the profession and the public interest which it serves.
Lawyers play a vital role in the preservation and regulation of society.
Joseph Raz: “the law provides the general framework for the conduct of all aspects of social life and sets itself up as the supreme guardian of society” (The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality”; 1986)
John Rawls: “the law defines the basic structure within which the pursuit of all other activities take place” (A Theory of Justice, rev. ed [Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1999)
Law as a business and law as a profession: what is the difference? Is there a conflict? Must it be a
“one-or-the-other” question? What is at stake in this discussion?
Law as a business differs from law as profession.
Law as a business involves a law firm offering services to its clients akin to any regular business in the market place.
Business transactions clearly take place at law firms every day.
Champ S Andrews: “I understand the practical realities of the practice of law, but that understanding does not permit me to view my clients as “inventory.” To equate a client’s legal claim to something no more significant than a piece of merchandise in a retail establishment is to at once deny the basic humanity of my client and to diminish the human cost of my client’s pain and suffering to a dollar figure arrived at by some odious accounting.”
Law as a profession is viewed more as an independent, self-regulating entity; it is an elite form of livelihood, which enjoys a domination over the marketplace.
The power, opportunity and responsibility of lawyers in society?
Lawyers must sustain an appearance of professionalism to society at large
Lawyers must not take advantage of the power given to them.
Model Code: “a lawyer must encourage public respect for and try to improve the administration of justice.”
Lawyers owe a duty of loyalty; this requires the lawyer to place the client’s interests above those of other people and above his or her own.
Lawyers also owe the duty to avoid conflicts of interest, duty of commitment to the client’s case and a duty of candour.
A lawyer should strive to attain the highest level of skill, to improve the law and the legal profession and to exemplify the legal profession’s ideal of public serve
A lawyer’s responsibilities as a representative of clients, an office of the legal system and a public citizen are typically harmonious.
What is legal ethics? Loyalty? Integrity?
Legal ethics deal with the ethical commitments of the practicing lawyer and addresses the restrictions on lawyer conduct including the rules, principles and legal obligations as well as moral or ethical aspirations.
Legal ethics are the principles of conduct that members of the legal profession are expected to observe in their practice.
They act as an important guide to ensure right and proper conduct in the daily practice of law.
Integrity is not defined, per se, in the Model Code. Nonetheless, the Commentary suggests that it involves being trustworthy, honourable and responsible, and always avoiding questionable conduct.
Rule 2.1-1 of Model Code: “A lawyer has a duty to carry on the practice of law…honourably and with integrity.”
Section 2.1 Integrity: Commentary: [1] Integrity is the fundamental quality of any person who seeks to practice as a member of the legal profession. If a client has any doubt about their lawyer's trustworthiness, the essential element in the true lawyer-client relationship will be missing. If integrity is lacking, the
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1.
Which diagnostic tool connects to the Data Link Connector and allows the technician to read light duty diesel engine diagnostic trouble codes?
a. DMM (Digital Multimeter)
b. Diagnostic Scan Tool
c. Laptop computer with interface
check
d. Both b and c
Both b and c are correct because since OBD II (On-Board Diagnostic Level II), the industry has used a 5 character diagnostic trouble code that can only be read with another computer like a scan tool or PC based laptop computer.
2.
An orange colored liquid is found under the front of the engine, which of the following fluids is leaking?
a. Engine Oil
check
b. Coolant
c. ATF
d. Washer Fluid
Coolant is orange, pink or green. Engine oil is yellow or brown. ATF is red. Washer fluid is blue.
Cylinder Head and Valve Train Diagnosis and Repair
3.
Two technicians are discussing engine valve seals. Technician A says to apply a light coat of engine oil to new oil seals and push them in. Technician B says you can install the intake oil seal into the exhaust side or install the exhaust oil seal into the intake side because they are interchangeable. Who is right?
check
a. A only
b. B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B
Tech A is right because you need to apply a light coat of engine oil to new oil seals to help ease them in. Tech B is wrong because installing the intake oil seal into the exhaust side or installing the exhaust oil seal into the intake side can cause problems later because the exhaust side is generally hotter than the intake side and the seals are generally different and made of different material and therefore not interchangeable.
4.
Valve adjustment is necessary following the replacement of a:
a. Crankshaft
b. Piston
c. Balancer
check
d. Cylinder head
Valve adjustment is necessary following the replacement of any valve train or cylinder head.
Engine Block Diagnosis and Repair
5.
After cleaning a diesel block and crankshaft, what chemical should they be sprayed with?
check
a. Rust inhibitor
b. Engine oil
c. Anti-seize compound
d. Assembly lube
Spraying the block with a rust inhibiter and wrapping the engine with a plastic bag keeps the engine free from corrosion until you are ready to assemble it.. The other chemicals are not as effective.
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6.
When measuring a cylinder for taper wear, which of the following is the MOST likely place for wear?
a. Middle of cylinder
b. Bottom of cylinder
c. At a right angle to top
check
d. Top of cylinder
The top of the cylinder is where the maximum temperature is found.
Lubrication and Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair
7.
Technician A says a weak solution of antifreeze may cause corrosion build-up in the cooling system. Technician B says engine coolants and rust inhibitors last the lifetime of the diesel engine. Who is right?
check
a. A only
b. B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B
Tech A is right because a weak solution of antifreeze may cause corrosion build-up in the cooling system. Tech B is wrong because most original equipment manufacturers (OEM) recommend that the coolant be changed at specified intervals due to a loss in corrosion inhibitor life.
8.
This question has the word EXCEPT. For this question, look for the choice that would NOT fit the described situation. Read the entire question carefully before choosing your answer.
All of the following will happen when an oil filter becomes clogged, EXCEPT:
a. Bypass valve allows dirty oil to lubricate the engine.
b. Oil pump must slow down.
c. Engine operating temperature increases.
check
d. Oil pump must speed up.
The oil pump will slow down not speed up when an oil filter becomes clogged. A, b and c will occur when an oil filter becomes clogged.
Air Induction and Exhaust Systems Diagnosis and Repair
9.
A light duty diesel engine has a sever oil leak at the rocker cover. The technician has replaced the rocker cover gasket but the gasket still leaks. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
a. Defective cylinder head
check
b. Defective CDR (crankcase depression regulator) valve
c. Wrong gasket
d. Not enough sealer used
This is the MOST likely cause of the 4 choices. The CDR (crankcase depression regulator) is designed to depress or reduce the crankcase pressure. If it is stuck closed, the pressure in the crankcase increases and pushes the oil out.
10.
A Catalyzed DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) requires oil with which of the following characteristics?
a. 0% Sulphur
b. High viscosity index
check
c. Low ash content
d. High alkalinity
Ash is mostly material left over after oil is burned in the combustion chamber. Ash must be physically removed from a DPF since it cannot be regenerated. The other choices do not apply to a DPF.
Fuel Systems Diagnosis and Repair
11.
A diesel engine with an electronically managed solenoid pump and nozzles has an active diagnostic trouble code for a single cylinder #3 misfire with a rough idle at operating temperature. Which of the following actions could cause the problem?
check
a. Wrong line on cylinder
b. Open cylinder glow plug
c. Shorted cylinder glow plug
d. High Cetane fuel rating
A short or long replacement line that is different than the original will change the timing in the number 3 cylinder and cause a rough idle or misfire. B is wrong because a glow plug failure does not cause a misfire or rough idle on an engine when hot. C is wrong because a glow plug failure does not cause a misfire or rough idle on an engine when hot. D is wrong because high Cetane fuel does not cause a misfire. High Cetane numbers indicate good ignition quality resulting in a short delay period and low Cetane numbers indicate poor ignition quality that results in a long delay period. Low Cetane numbers can cause a long ignition delay, which can cause a hard starting with white smoke and misfiring cylinders.
12.
The primary fuel system supply side vacuum test should be performed at which area:
a. The outlet pipe for the high-pressure pump looking back to the filter
b. At inlet of the secondary filter looking at the tank
check
c. At the intake pipe for the high-pressure pump, looking at pump
d. At the inlet side of the primary filter looking at the tank
The intake pipe of the high pressure pump is where the pump will have lowest pressure. A is wrong because positive pressure would be present at the outlet pipe. B is wrong because positive pressure would be present at the inlet of the secondary air filter. D is wrong because positive pressure would be present at the inlet side of the primary filter.
1.
Which diagnostic tool connects to the Data Link Connector and allows the technician to read light duty diesel engine diagnostic trouble codes?
a. DMM (Digital Multimeter)
b. Diagnostic Scan Tool
c. Laptop computer with interface
check
d. Both b and c
Both b and c are correct because since OBD II (On-Board Diagnostic Level II), the industry has used a 5 character diagnostic trouble code that can only be read with another computer like a scan tool or PC based laptop computer.
2.
An orange colored liquid is found under the front of the engine, which of the following fluids is leaking?
a. Engine Oil
check
b. Coolant
c. ATF
d. Washer Fluid
Coolant is orange, pink or green. Engine oil is yellow or brown. ATF is red. Washer fluid is blue.
Cylinder Head and Valve Train Diagnosis and Repair
3.
Two technicians are discussing engine valve seals. Technician A says to apply a light coat of engine oil to new oil seals and push them in. Technician B says you can install the intake oil seal into the exhaust side or install the exhaust oil seal into the intake side because they are interchangeable. Who is right?
check
a. A only
b. B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B
Tech A is right because you need to apply a light coat of engine oil to new oil seals to help ease them in. Tech B is wrong because installing the intake oil seal into the exhaust side or installing the exhaust oil seal into the intake side can cause problems later because the exhaust side is generally hotter than the intake side and the seals are generally different and made of different material and therefore not interchangeable.
4.
Valve adjustment is necessary following the replacement of a:
a. Crankshaft
b. Piston
c. Balancer
check
d. Cylinder head
Valve adjustment is necessary following the replacement of any valve train or cylinder head.
Engine Block Diagnosis and Repair
5.
After cleaning a diesel block and crankshaft, what chemical should they be sprayed with?
check
a. Rust inhibitor
b. Engine oil
c. Anti-seize compound
d. Assembly lube
Spraying the block with a rust inhibiter and wrapping the engine with a plastic bag keeps the engine free from corrosion until you are ready to assemble it.. The other chemicals are not as effective.
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6.
When measuring a cylinder for taper wear, which of the following is the MOST likely place for wear?
a. Middle of cylinder
b. Bottom of cylinder
c. At a right angle to top
check
d. Top of cylinder
The top of the cylinder is where the maximum temperature is found.
Lubrication and Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair
7.
Technician A says a weak solution of antifreeze may cause corrosion build-up in the cooling system. Technician B says engine coolants and rust inhibitors last the lifetime of the diesel engine. Who is right?
check
a. A only
b. B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B
Tech A is right because a weak solution of antifreeze may cause corrosion build-up in the cooling system. Tech B is wrong because most original equipment manufacturers (OEM) recommend that the coolant be changed at specified intervals due to a loss in corrosion inhibitor life.
8.
This question has the word EXCEPT. For this question, look for the choice that would NOT fit the described situation. Read the entire question carefully before choosing your answer.
All of the following will happen when an oil filter becomes clogged, EXCEPT:
a. Bypass valve allows dirty oil to lubricate the engine.
b. Oil pump must slow down.
c. Engine operating temperature increases.
check
d. Oil pump must speed up.
The oil pump will slow down not speed up when an oil filter becomes clogged. A, b and c will occur when an oil filter becomes clogged.
Air Induction and Exhaust Systems Diagnosis and Repair
9.
A light duty diesel engine has a sever oil leak at the rocker cover. The technician has replaced the rocker cover gasket but the gasket still leaks. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?
a. Defective cylinder head
check
b. Defective CDR (crankcase depression regulator) valve
c. Wrong gasket
d. Not enough sealer used
This is the MOST likely cause of the 4 choices. The CDR (crankcase depression regulator) is designed to depress or reduce the crankcase pressure. If it is stuck closed, the pressure in the crankcase increases and pushes the oil out.
10.
A Catalyzed DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) requires oil with which of the following characteristics?
a. 0% Sulphur
b. High viscosity index
check
c. Low ash content
d. High alkalinity
Ash is mostly material left over after oil is burned in the combustion chamber. Ash must be physically removed from a DPF since it cannot be regenerated. The other choices do not apply to a DPF.
Fuel Systems Diagnosis and Repair
11.
A diesel engine with an electronically managed solenoid pump and nozzles has an active diagnostic trouble code for a single cylinder #3 misfire with a rough idle at operating temperature. Which of the following actions could cause the problem?
check
a. Wrong line on cylinder
b. Open cylinder glow plug
c. Shorted cylinder glow plug
d. High Cetane fuel rating
A short or long replacement line that is different than the original will change the timing in the number 3 cylinder and cause a rough idle or misfire. B is wrong because a glow plug failure does not cause a misfire or rough idle on an engine when hot. C is wrong because a glow plug failure does not cause a misfire or rough idle on an engine when hot. D is wrong because high Cetane fuel does not cause a misfire. High Cetane numbers indicate good ignition quality resulting in a short delay period and low Cetane numbers indicate poor ignition quality that results in a long delay period. Low Cetane numbers can cause a long ignition delay, which can cause a hard starting with white smoke and misfiring cylinders.
12.
The primary fuel system supply side vacuum test should be performed at which area:
a. The outlet pipe for the high-pressure pump looking back to the filter
b. At inlet of the secondary filter looking at the tank
check
c. At the intake pipe for the high-pressure pump, looking at pump
d. At the inlet side of the primary filter looking at the tank
The intake pipe of the high pressure pump is where the pump will have lowest pressure. A is wrong because positive pressure would be present at the outlet pipe. B is wrong because positive pressure would be present at the inlet of the secondary air filter. D is wrong because positive pressure would be present at the inlet side of the primary filter.
On Tuesday he ate through two pears, but he was still hungry. On Wednesday he ate through three plums, but he was still hungry. On Thursday he ate through four strawberries, but he was still hungry. On Friday he ate through five oranges, but he was still hungry. On Saturday he ate through one piece of chocolate cake, one ice-cream cone, one pickle, one slice of Swiss cheese, one slice of salami, one lollipop, one piece of cherry pie, one sausage, one cupcake, and one slice of watermelon. That night he had a stomach ache! The next day was Sunday again. The caterpillar ate through one nice leaf, and after that he felt better.
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) is responsible for investigating, inspecting, testing and reporting safety related
defects in motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, administering safety recalls, ordering manufacturers to recall
and repair vehicles or equipment when investigations indicate they contain safety defects in their design, construction, or
performance, and monitoring the adequacy of manufacturer recall campaigns.
The Correspondence Research Division (CRD) receives, processes and responds to daily
correspondence ODI receives from the
motoring public, which includes, but is not limited to: Congressional Letters, Consumer
Complaints, Vehicle Owner's
Questionnaires, Manufacturer Communications, and general public Correspondence.
Das Berufungsgericht meint, dem Kläger stehe gegen die Beklagten unter keinem rechtlichen Gesichtspunkt ein Zahlungsanspruch zu. Ein Anspruch aus § 812 Abs. 1 Satz 1 Fall 2 BGB komme nicht in Betracht, weil der Kläger die Beklagten nicht durch Selbstvornahme der Arbeiten von deren Verbindlichkeit aus § 1004 Abs. 1 BGB befreit habe.
Ein Schadensersatzanspruch gemäß § 280 Abs. 1 und 3, § 281 BGB scheitere bereits daran, dass § 281 BGB auf einen Anspruch aus § 1004 Abs. 1 BGB weder unmittelbar noch analog anwendbar sei. Für eine analoge Anwendung fehle es an einer planwidrigen Regelungslücke. Zahlungsansprüche könnten sich aus § 812 Abs. 1 Satz 1 Fall 2 BGB oder § 906 Abs. 2 Satz 2 BGB analog ergeben; ein Vorschuss könne gemäß § 887 Abs. 2 ZPO im Wege der Zwangsvollstreckung eines Titels über den Beseitigungsanspruch erlangt werden.
Durch die Anwendung von § 281 BGB würde zudem das Wahlrecht des Schuldners in Bezug auf das „Wie“ der Beseitigung umgangen. Schließlich entstünden durch das in § 281 Abs. 4 BGB vorgesehene Erlöschen des Beseitigungsanspruchs erhebliche Abgrenzungsprobleme, welche Beeinträchtigung bereits vorhanden gewesen und abgegolten sei und welche nicht.
Topic has become an integral part of the rising debate in the present world. while proponents of the argument are in favour, however, the opponents are completely against the relevance of the topic. In my opinion, topic has more positive impacts than negatives around the globe.
To commence with, there are a number of arguments in favour of my belief. The most prominent one is that the topic. According to the research conducted by western Sydney University, Example. Secondly, example.
On the other hand, critics may point out that one of the most significant disadvantages of the topic is that disadvantages. For Instance, a survey conducted in the United States reveals that Example.
To Conclude, even when there are a lot of demerits associated with the Topic, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, and Topic has become a crucial part of our life. Therefore, efficient use of topic should be promoted, however, its misuse should be condemned.
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ראשית הם מתעלמים ממך, אח"כ מגכחים עליך, אח"כ תוקפים אותך ובסוף בונים פסלים בדמותך
שום דבר לא יכול לעצור את האיש עם הגישה הנכונה מלהשיג את מטרתו. שום דבר עלי אדמות, לא יכול לעזור לאדם עם הגישה הלא נכונה
הבעיה של רובינו היא לא שאנחנו מכוונים גבוה מידי ונכשלים, אלא שאנחנו מכוונים נמוך מידי ומצליחים
כשנדמה שהכול פועל נגדכם – תזכרו שמטוס ממריא נגד הרוח, ולא לצדה
הפחד העמוק ביותר שלנו הוא לא שמא אנחנו חלשים מדי. הפחד העמוק ביותר שלנו הוא שאנחנו בעלי עוצמה שמעל לכל שיעור
כל החושך בעולם לא יכול לכבות את האור של נר בודד
מזל הוא הזדמנות שפוגשת מוכנות
ההגנה החזקה ביותר מפני הסחות דעת ופיתויים היא מטרה ברורה
תרדפו אחרי החזון שלכם, לא אחרי הכסף ובסוף הכסף ירדוף אחריכם
אם אתה קורא רק את הספרים שכולם קוראים, אתה יכול לחשוב רק כמו שכולם חושבים
אנשים חושבים שמיקוד פירושו להגיד כן למה שאתה צריך לעשות. כשלמעשה מיקוד הוא להגיד לא למאות רעיונות טובים אחרים שיש בנמצא. עליך לבחור בקפידה
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BDG 1039
BDG 1828
BDG 1182
BDG 1734
BDG 3246
BDG 0009
BDG 1247
BDG 1033
BDG 1191
BDG 1846
BDG 1824
BDG 1433
BDG 2041
BDG 1706
BDG 3112
BDG 1850
BDG 1858
BDG 1320
BDG 1825
BDG 1305
BDG 0538
BDG 3245
BDG 9405
BDG 9809
BDG 9529
BDG 9806
BDG 9858
BDG 3256
BDG 1049
BDG 9570
BDG 7000
BDG 1687
BDG 4012
BDG 1086
BDG 2330
BDG 5011
BDG 0437
BDG 3352
BDG0545
BDG 1792
BDG 1695
BDG 0635
BDG 1761
BDG 1844
BDG 0255
BDG 1340
BDG 1804
BDG 1750
BDG 0460
BDG 0333
BDG 0528
BDG 1245
BDG 1778
BDG 0819
BDG 0507
BDG 1793
BDG 0473
BDG 0100
BDG 9814
BDG 2623
BDG 9513
BDG 1762
להכיר את עצמך זאת ההתחלה של כל חוכמה.
מי ששוחה נגד הזרם מגיע אל המקורות.
האדם יודע הרבה יותר ממה שהוא מבין.
אם אתם רוצים לשנות את העולם, התחילו עם עצמכם.
ההשקעה הטובה ביותר שאתם יכולים לעשות היא ההשקעה בעצמכם.
לרצות להיות מישהו אחר זה בזבוז של האדם שאתם.
ביום שבו אתם מפסיקים את המרוץ, זה היום שבו אתם מנצחים במרוץ.
זה לא שאני כל כך חכם, אני פשוט שוהה עם בעיות יותר זמן.
שני הימים החשובים ביותר בחייכם הם היום שבו אתם נולדים והיום שבו אתם מגלים למה.
מי שמסתכל החוצה, חולם. מי שמתבונן פנימה, מתעורר.
הסוד האמיתי של כוח הוא מודעות לכוח.
ספינה בנמל היא בטוחה, אבל לא לשם כך ספינות נבנו.
בעניינים הקטנים תסמכו על השכל, בגדולים על הלב.
ההבדל בין גאונות לטיפשות זה שלגאונות יש גבולות.
תתנהגו כאילו מה שאתם עושים משמעותי. כי זה אכן משמעותי.
כל השינויים האדירים קודמו על ידי תוהו ובוהו.
לאנשים לא אכפת ממך עד שאתה נותן להם ערך.
אל תחכו... הזמן אף פעם לא יהיה מושלם.
כישלון בהכנה זה הכנה לכישלון
רוב האנשים מתים בגיל 25 ולא נקברים עד שהם בגיל 75.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.
Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library.
Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming language and first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0. Python 2.0 was released in 2000 and introduced new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision that is not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2 was discontinued with version 2.7.18 in 2020.
Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages. Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC programming language, which was inspired by SETL, capable of exception handling (from the start plus new capabilities in Python 3.11) and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.
Python's implementation began in December 1989. Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018 when he announced his "permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's "benevolent dictator for life", a title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker. In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 with many major new features. Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008 with many of its major features backported to Python 2.6.x and 2.7.x. Releases of Python 3 include the 2to3 utility which automates the translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.
In 2022, Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were expedited. Python versions 3.8.13 and 3.7.13 were subsequently introduced because of many security issues.
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (including meta-programming and meta-objects). Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract and logic programming.
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management. It uses dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable names during program execution.
Its design offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. It offers function support; list comprehensions, dictionaries, sets, and generator expressions. The standard library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.
Its core philosophy is summarized in the document The Zen of Python (PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as: (a) Beautiful is better than ugly, (b) Explicit is better than implicit, (c) Simple is better than complex, (d) Complex is better than complicated, and (e) Readability counts.
Rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly extensible via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC which espoused the opposite approach.
Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl's "there is more than one way to do it" motto, Python embraces a "there should be one - and preferably only one - obvious way to do it" philosophy. Alex Martelli, a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and Python book author, wrote: "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a compliment in the Python culture."
Python's developers strive to avoid premature optimization and reject patches to non-critical parts of the CPython reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity. When speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C; or use PyPy, a just-in-time compiler. Cython is also available, which translates a Python script into C and makes direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
Python's developers aim for it to be fun to use. This is reflected in its name - a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python - and in occasionally playful approaches to tutorials and reference materials such as examples that refer to spam and eggs (a reference to a Monty Python sketch) instead of the standard foo and bar.
The programming language's name 'Python' came from the BBC Comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus. Guido van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious. And so, he decided to name the programming language 'Python'.
A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. "Pythonic" code may use Python idioms well, be natural or show fluency in the language, or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability. Code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another programming language is called un-pythonic.
Python users and admirers, especially those considered knowledgeable or experienced, are often referred to as Pythonistas.
[e]
merhaba - hello
nasıl - how
iyi - good, well
iyiyim - I'm fine
siz - you
ben - I
de - too, also
ad - name
ne - what
adınız - your name
adım - my name
sizin - your
benim - my
memnun oldum - I'm pleased
z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b z x c v / . , m n b
IN recent years, the rule of law has become a buzzword in Pakistan’s political discourse, with a multitude of voices expressing support for this ideal.
For example, the election manifestos of all three major political parties — the PPP, PML-N, and PTI — contain claims of their commitment for ‘the rule of law’ and promises to prioritise it in their policies and legislation.
In practice, however, we see ‘the rule of law’ being weaponised and stripped of its fundamental values, taking on whatever meaning that fits the political objectives of those invoking it.
In its reply submitted before the Islamabad High Court earlier this week, for example, the Ministry of Interior defended its arbitrary ban on the social media platform X/Twitter, claiming the ban “upheld the rule of law and principles of democratic governance”.
We also hear government officials claim secret military trials of civilians accused of involvement in the May 9 riots and the conviction and seven-year sentence of Imran Khan and Bushra Bibi in a farcical case involving “fraudulently going through a marriage ceremony” are necessary for establishing “the rule of law” in the country.
‘The rule of law’ is being weaponised, taking on whatever meaning that fits the political objectives of those invoking it.
Earlier, we saw Nawaz Sharif’s political opponents and detractors celebrate his lifetime disqualification from contesting elections after a determination by the Supreme Court that he was no longer ‘sadiq and ameen’ as a victory for ‘the rule of law’.
As these illustrations show, like in other authoritarian states, the rule of law has been distorted to mean ‘rule by law’ in Pakistan. It is used to justify the arbitrary implementation of bad laws without adequate safeguards for the protection of fundamental rights or meeting due process requirements.
The authoritarian reconfiguration of the rule of law as ‘rule by law’ appropriates the language and rhetoric associated with the emancipatory, liberal idea of this concept to consolidate state power, undermine democratic values, victimise political opponents, and impede the fundamental rights of citizens.
Unlike the rule of law, ‘rule by law’ is almost always associated with the use of law as an instrument to serve the ends of those in power. It allows the state to use law to control its citizens, but never allows law to be used by the citizens to hold the state accountable.
It is, therefore, important to understand what ‘the rule of law’ means and identify its core values. Doing so would allow more effective support of the legal and political reforms to advance it and challenge perversions of the rule of law rampant in our political discourse.
Although the concept of the rule of law can be traced back at least to ancient Greece, it has become much more widely discussed in the last three decades, with engagement from jurists, scholars, international organisations, as well as the United Nations.
For the UN, the rule of law is “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of the law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness, and procedural and legal transparency”.
This definition encapsulates at least eight distinct but related principles.
The first principle captures the essence of the rule of law dating back to Aristotle: The rule of law is a “government by laws and not by men”, which means no one is above the law and all persons and institutions, including the state, are accountable to the law.
Second, the law must be publicly promulgated so that people know the consequences of their actions.
Third, the law must be appropriately defined and government discretion sufficiently limited to ensure the law is applied in a non-arbitrary manner. A.V. Dicey, for example, warned against laws that gave people in positions of power “wide, arbitrary, or discretionary powers of constraint”. Vague laws also undermine the rule of law because they leave the door open to selective prosecution and interpretation, based on discriminatory policies of government officials and the personal predilections of judges.
Fourth, the law must be applied equally and without discrimination to all persons in like circumstances.
This fifth principle embodies a substantive rather than a procedural guarantee of the rule of law, and provides that the laws in a society that honours the rule of law must be just and consistent with international human rights norms and standards. This substantive requirement is essential, as it distinguishes a government under the rule of law from a government operating with a rule by law. In a number of authoritarian states, for example, some of the elements of the rule of law are present, but unless the laws are just, society is not governed by the rule of law.
Sixth, legal processes must be sufficiently robust and accessible to ensure the enforcement of such laws and human rights protections.
Seventh, the independence of the judiciary must be guaranteed. This means judicial power must be exercised independently of other branches of the state, and individual judges must adjudicate matters before them impartially.
And eighth, citizens and other members of society must have the right to participate in the enactment and refinement of laws that regulate their behaviour.
These principles — and consequently, ‘the rule of law’ — are largely absent in Pakistan. Instead, the garb of the rule of law is being used to establish its very antithesis — ‘rule by law’.
IN recent years, the rule of law has become a buzzword in Pakistan’s political discourse, with a multitude of voices expressing support for this ideal.
For example, the election manifestos of all three major political parties — the PPP, PML-N, and PTI — contain claims of their commitment for ‘the rule of law’ and promises to prioritise it in their policies and legislation.
In practice, however, we see ‘the rule of law’ being weaponised and stripped of its fundamental values, taking on whatever meaning that fits the political objectives of those invoking it.
In its reply submitted before the Islamabad High Court earlier this week, for example, the Ministry of Interior defended its arbitrary ban on the social media platform X/Twitter, claiming the ban “upheld the rule of law and principles of democratic governance”.
We also hear government officials claim secret military trials of civilians accused of involvement in the May 9 riots and the conviction and seven-year sentence of Imran Khan and Bushra Bibi in a farcical case involving “fraudulently going through a marriage ceremony” are necessary for establishing “the rule of law” in the country.
‘The rule of law’ is being weaponised, taking on whatever meaning that fits the political objectives of those invoking it.
Earlier, we saw Nawaz Sharif’s political opponents and detractors celebrate his lifetime disqualification from contesting elections after a determination by the Supreme Court that he was no longer ‘sadiq and ameen’ as a victory for ‘the rule of law’.
As these illustrations show, like in other authoritarian states, the rule of law has been distorted to mean ‘rule by law’ in Pakistan. It is used to justify the arbitrary implementation of bad laws without adequate safeguards for the protection of fundamental rights or meeting due process requirements.
The authoritarian reconfiguration of the rule of law as ‘rule by law’ appropriates the language and rhetoric associated with the emancipatory, liberal idea of this concept to consolidate state power, undermine democratic values, victimise political opponents, and impede the fundamental rights of citizens.
Unlike the rule of law, ‘rule by law’ is almost always associated with the use of law as an instrument to serve the ends of those in power. It allows the state to use law to control its citizens, but never allows law to be used by the citizens to hold the state accountable.
It is, therefore, important to understand what ‘the rule of law’ means and identify its core values. Doing so would allow more effective support of the legal and political reforms to advance it and challenge perversions of the rule of law rampant in our political discourse.
Although the concept of the rule of law can be traced back at least to ancient Greece, it has become much more widely discussed in the last three decades, with engagement from jurists, scholars, international organisations, as well as the United Nations.
For the UN, the rule of law is “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of the law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness, and procedural and legal transparency”.
This definition encapsulates at least eight distinct but related principles.
The first principle captures the essence of the rule of law dating back to Aristotle: The rule of law is a “government by laws and not by men”, which means no one is above the law and all persons and institutions, including the state, are accountable to the law.
Second, the law must be publicly promulgated so that people know the consequences of their actions.
Third, the law must be appropriately defined and government discretion sufficiently limited to ensure the law is applied in a non-arbitrary manner. A.V. Dicey, for example, warned against laws that gave people in positions of power “wide, arbitrary, or discretionary powers of constraint”. Vague laws also undermine the rule of law because they leave the door open to selective prosecution and interpretation, based on discriminatory policies of government officials and the personal predilections of judges.
Fourth, the law must be applied equally and without discrimination to all persons in like circumstances.
This fifth principle embodies a substantive rather than a procedural guarantee of the rule of law, and provides that the laws in a society that honours the rule of law must be just and consistent with international human rights norms and standards. This substantive requirement is essential, as it distinguishes a government under the rule of law from a government operating with a rule by law. In a number of authoritarian states, for example, some of the elements of the rule of law are present, but unless the laws are just, society is not governed by the rule of law.
Sixth, legal processes must be sufficiently robust and accessible to ensure the enforcement of such laws and human rights protections.
Seventh, the independence of the judiciary must be guaranteed. This means judicial power must be exercised independently of other branches of the state, and individual judges must adjudicate matters before them impartially.
And eighth, citizens and other members of society must have the right to participate in the enactment and refinement of laws that regulate their behaviour.
These principles — and consequently, ‘the rule of law’ — are largely absent in Pakistan. Instead, the garb of the rule of law is being used to establish its very antithesis — ‘rule by law’.
